Bhutan Travel Guide

Overview

Capital:

Thimphu.

Geography:

Bhutan is a small, landlocked country in the eastern Himalayas, bordered by China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. Despite its modest size—about 38,394 sq km or 14,824 sq miles—its landscapes are incredibly diverse, ranging from steamy subtropical plains in the south to towering snow-capped peaks in the north.

The country's altitude varies dramatically, from just 97m (318 ft) above sea level in the southern foothills to over 7,500m (24,606 ft) in the high Himalayas. Bhutan's highest peak is Gangkhar Puensum (7,570m/ 24,835 ft), which also holds the title of the world's highest unclimbed mountain—not due to lack of ambition, but because Bhutan has banned mountaineering on sacred peaks to respect local spiritual beliefs.

About 70% of Bhutan is covered in forests, earning it a reputation as one of the world's most environmentally pristine nations. The kingdom is home to rich biodiversity, including rare species such as the red panda, takin (Bhutan's national animal), and elusive snow leopard. Bhutan's river systems, fed by Himalayan glaciers, carve deep valleys and provide essential water resources, not just for the country but for neighbouring regions as well.

Interestingly, Bhutan is also one of the most seismically active countries in the Himalayas, with occasional earthquakes due to its position on the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Yet, despite its rugged and sometimes unpredictable terrain, Bhutan's commitment to conservation and sustainability ensures that its landscapes remain as untouched and mystical as they were centuries ago.

Getting There

Getting There By Air

Paro International Airport (IATA: PBH) is Bhutan's sole international airport, located in a deep valley surrounded by peaks. Due to its challenging terrain and weather conditions, only a select number of pilots are certified to land there.

Bhutan's national flag carrier is Drukair—Royal Bhutan Airlines, while Bhutan Airlines is the country's first private airline. Both operate flights connecting Paro to several international destinations, including Bangkok (Thailand), Kathmandu (Nepal), Singapore, and several cities across India.

And here is another useful piece of information—the Kathmandu-Paro flight has fabulous views of the Himalayas on the left-hand side of the plane.

Getting There By Road

The main border crossings open to foreign tourists are:
• Phuentsholing: Located in southwestern Bhutan, opposite the Indian town of Jaigaon in West Bengal. This is the most commonly used land entry point for tourists.
• Gelephu: Situated in central Bhutan, across from the Indian state of Assam.
• Samdrup Jongkhar: Found in southeastern Bhutan, also bordering Assam.

Travellers should verify the current status of these crossings before planning their journey, as accessibility can change. Additionally, all foreign nationals (except citizens of India, Bangladesh, and the Maldives) must obtain an e-visa before they arrive in Bhutan.

Getting Around

Getting Around By Air

Drukair – Royal Bhutan Airlines operates several domestic air travel routes. The popular ones include:
• Paro to Bathpalathang (Jakar): This route connects western Bhutan to the central valleys, known for their cultural sites and natural beauty.
• Paro to Yongphulla (Trashigang): Linking the western region to the east, this flight offers access to the less-visited eastern districts.
• Paro to Gelephu: Connecting the western part of Bhutan to the southern regions.

These flights significantly reduce travel time compared to road journeys, which can be long and arduous due to the mountainous terrain. For instance, a flight from Paro to Jakar takes approximately 30 minutes, whereas the same journey by road can take around 10 hours.

Car Hire

Self-driving is not permitted for tourists (except for those from India). Hence, a few local companies offer chauffeur-driven car rental services, providing vehicles with experienced drivers to navigate Bhutan's challenging terrain.

Coach

Visitors take private coaches organised by their licensed tour operator(s), but for general information, Bhutan has several coach operators, including Meto Transport, Khorlo Transport, Pelyab Transport, Sernya Transport, Dhug Transport, and Bumpa Transport. Key routes include:
• Thimphu to Phuentsholing.
• Thimphu to Gelephu.
• Thimphu to Trashigang (which includes an overnight stop).

Regulations

Seat belts are mandatory for all occupants, and using mobile phones while driving is prohibited. Speed limits on the highways are 50 km/h (31 mph), while in urban areas are 20 km/h (12 mph).

Getting Around By Road

Bhutan's road network winds through some of the most breathtaking (and occasionally hair-raising) mountain landscapes in the world. While distances may look short on a map, the country's terrain ensures that journeys take considerably longer than expected—thanks to winding roads, steep inclines, and the occasional yak crossing.

The East-West Highway (also called the Lateral Road) is Bhutan's main road artery, stretching from Phuentsholing in the southwest to Trashigang in the east. Major towns like Thimphu, Paro, Punakha, Wangdue, and Bumthang are connected by this network.

Road Quality

Road conditions vary—some sections are newly paved and smooth, while others are prone to landslides and construction delays, especially in the monsoon season. Winding mountain roads and sharp hairpin bends make for slow travel, and some routes may close temporarily due to weather or maintenance work. Travellers should be prepared for bumpy stretches.

Side Of Road

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Taxi

Taxis are available in Paro and Thimphu, where independent travel is permitted. Most taxis are unmetered, so please agree on a fare before starting the journey.

Urban Travel

Licensed tour operators arrange urban travel for most visitors, providing transportation to get from point A to point B.

In Paro and Thimphu, where independent travel is permitted, visitors can get around by:
• Walking, as both cities are relatively small and pedestrian-friendly.
• Taxis, which are available but mostly unmetered—be sure to agree on a fare before starting the journey.
• Bicycle rentals (available in Thimphu).

Travel Advice

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to: 

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

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This information is for people travelling on a full 'British citizen' passport from the UK. It is based on the UK government's understanding of Bhutan's current rules for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in Bhutan set and enforce entry rules. If you're not sure how these requirements apply to you, see the Bhutan government's visa entry page or contact the Bhutanese Embassy in Brussels.

Passport validity requirements

Your passport must have an 'expiry date' at least 6 months after the date you plan to leave Bhutan.

Check with your travel provider that your passport and other travel documents meet requirements. Renew your passport if you need to .

You will be denied entry if you do not have a valid travel document or try to use a passport that has been reported lost or stolen.

Visa requirements

You must have a visa to enter and leave Bhutan.     

Applying for a visa

You must apply for your visa in advance. The authorities will pre-approve the visa and issue it when you arrive in Bhutan. 

You can arrange a visa through a Bhutanese tour operator, through a Bhutanese hotel or directly through the Department of Immigration's website. You will need to pay a non-refundable, one-off visa application fee of 40 US dollars.

If you're travelling for business or other non-tourism reasons, you must arrange your visa through your sponsoring organisation in Bhutan.

Make sure the border control officer stamps your visa in your passport.

Permits

You must have permits to travel to some states in Bhutan. Your tour guide will help to get these.

If you want to extend your stay in Bhutan, go to the Department of Immigration in Thimphu to make a request.

Entry and exit points

You can enter or exit Bhutan by air through the international airport in Paro, or by the land entry point in Phuentsholing.

Vaccine requirements

For details about medical entry requirements and recommended vaccinations, see TravelHealthPro's Bhutan guide.

Sustainable development fee

All adult visitors must pay a daily sustainable development fee (SDF) of 100 US dollars per night. There is a lower daily charge for children. Read more information about the SDF.

Customs rules

There are strict rules about goods you can take into or out of Bhutan. You must declare anything that may be prohibited or subject to tax or duty.   

It is illegal to take antiques out of Bhutan. Customs officials may inspect items that appear to be antiques.

Taking tobacco into Bhutan

You can bring a small supply of tobacco for personal use. You will need to pay taxes and duties and be able to show proof of tax and duty payments if the  authorities ask you to at any point during your visit.

Taking money into or out of Bhutan    

You can take up to 30,000 Bhutan ngultrum into or out of Bhutan. 

If you plan to take foreign currency worth 10,000 US dollars or more into or out of Bhutan, you must declare it and get clearance from the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan.

Indian rupees are widely accepted in Bhutan.

Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe abroad and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in Bhutan

Although there's no recent history of terrorism in Bhutan, attacks cannot be ruled out.      

Crime  

Crime levels are low across Bhutan, but you should take the same precautions as you would at home.

Keep a copy of your passport's photo page and visa, and your flight ticket separate from the originals when travelling.

Laws and cultural differences

Bhutanese people take their customs and traditions very seriously. Respect them at all times to avoid giving offence. Particularly avoid criticising HM The King of Bhutan. If in doubt, ask your tour guide.      

Dress code

Dress respectfully when visiting temples and Dzongs (fortified buildings, like castles), so that you do not cause offence. Your tour guide will be able to advise.

Alcohol laws          

Alcohol is legal in Bhutan, but there are restrictions on how much alcohol tourists can buy at one time. Check with the vendor what the limit is.

Smoking and e-cigarette bans

It was illegal to sell or buy tobacco products in Bhutan until 2020. It is currently legal, but smoking is still frowned on. Be mindful of where you smoke – for example smoking near religious locations may cause offence. 

Illegal drugs and prison sentences

There are strict penalties for possession, use and trafficking of illegal drugs. If convicted, you could get a prison sentence and heavy fine. Sentences range from a minimum of 3 years to a life sentence depending upon the type and quantity of drugs.

LGBT+ travellers  

Same-sex sexual activity was decriminalised in Bhutan in 2020, and there are no censorship laws restricting the discussion or promotion of LGBT+ topics. Same-sex marriages are not recognised. There is no legal recognition of transgender individuals.

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.  

Wildlife, animal products and souvenirs 

Environmental conservation is critically important to Bhutan. You could be imprisoned for harming protected species. It is illegal to litter anywhere in Bhutan.     

Outdoor activities and adventure tourism

You need to use tour guides when visiting places of interest. Otherwise, you may be refused entry.

Mountaineering and hiking

Mountaineering is banned in Bhutan, but there are trekking options across the country at a wide range of altitudes. Take advice from your tour guide.

Transport risks

Road travel

If you are planning to drive in Bhutan, see information on driving abroad.

Car rentals come with a driver. If you want to drive your own vehicle, you must hire a guide to travel with you.

Any car you bring into Bhutan must meet the requirements of the Bhutan Road Safety and Transport Authority. You must have a driving licence, insurance documents, pollution control documents and an entry permit. You will need to pay a daily charge of 4,500 ngultrum. The same fees and rules apply for motorbikes.   

For a stay of more than 90 days, apply for a Bhutanese driving licence from the Bhutan Road Safety and Transport Authority. You must show your UK driving licence.

Driving conditions

Car and motorbike accidents are one of the biggest causes of injury and death in Bhutan. If possible, avoid travelling at night. Always travel in a well-maintained vehicle with seatbelts.

Road conditions can be dangerous, particularly in monsoon season. There are no traffic lights in Bhutan.

Air travel  

Weather conditions regularly affect domestic and international flights.

Extreme weather and natural disasters

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards.

Monsoon

Monsoon rains can cause landslides that cut off some roads for days. Always check your route before setting off and take extra care during the monsoon season.

Earthquakes

Several parts of Bhutan lie on active fault zones. Limited emergency vehicles, equipment and medical facilities are likely to increase the impact of an earthquake. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency has advice about what to do before, during and after an earthquake.

Wildfires

There is high risk of wildfires, particularly in central and southern areas of the country. You will be fined if you cause a wildfire, even if it is accidental. The level of the fine increases if the wildfire is caused intentionally.

Flooding

Flooding, including flash flooding, can be caused by many natural events such as monsoon rains and earthquakes. Both rural and urban areas are vulnerable.

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Call 112 and ask for an ambulance.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you're referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Bhutan
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you'll face in Bhutan.

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Bhutan. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro.

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

If you're carrying a large amount of medicine or medicine that's not for your personal use, check with the Bhutanese Embassy in Brussels.

Healthcare in Bhutan

Healthcare facilities vary in quality across Bhutan. One hospital (Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital) in Thimphu can provide surgery and emergency treatment. Outside of Thimphu, hospitals generally provide only basic healthcare. Treatment for more complex issues is not available in Bhutan and you would need evacuation to India or Thailand for treatment.

Make sure you have adequate travel health insurance that covers the cost of medical treatment abroad, emergency helicopter evacuation and repatriation.

English is widely spoken in Bhutan and doctors are likely to speak some English.

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) cannot provide tailored advice for individual trips. Read this travel advice and carry out your own research before deciding whether to travel.

Emergency services in Bhutan

Ambulance: 112

Fire: 110

Police: 113

Contact your travel provider and insurer

Contact your travel provider and your insurer if you are involved in a serious incident or emergency abroad. They will tell you if they can help and what you need to do.

Refunds and changes to travel

For refunds or changes to travel, contact your travel provider. You may also be able to make a claim through insurance. However, insurers usually require you to talk to your travel provider first.

Find out more about changing or cancelling travel plans, including:

• where to get advice if you are in a dispute with a provider
• how to access previous versions of travel advice to support a claim

Support from FCDO

FCDO has guidance on staying safe and what to do if you need help or support abroad, including:

• dealing with a death abroad
• being arrested or imprisoned
• getting help if you're a victim of crime
• what to do if you're in hospital
• if you're affected by a crisis, such as a terrorist attack

Contacting FCDO

Help abroad  

See how to get help from the UK government abroad including in an emergency. 

Help in the UK  

You can call FCDO in London if you need urgent help because something has happened to a friend or relative abroad.  

Telephone: 020 7008 5000 (24 hours)  

Find out about call charges

Get travel advice updates  

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Vaccinations

Title	Special Precautions
Diphtheria	Sometimes
Hepatitis A	Yes
Malaria	Sometimes
Rabies	Sometimes
Tetanus	Yes
Typhoid	Yes
Yellow Fever	No*

Overview:

Bhutan's healthcare system is publicly funded and follows a primary healthcare model, ensuring that even remote villages have access to basic medical services.

Thimphu is home to Bhutan's largest hospital, the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital (JDWNRH), which offers a range of medical services. Other regional and district hospitals provide essential care, but access to specialist treatments may be restricted. Private clinics and pharmacies are available in major towns, providing consultations and medicines for minor ailments.

Traditional Bhutanese medicine, known as Sowa Rigpa, is widely practised alongside Western medicine. The Institute of Traditional Medicine Services in Thimphu offers herbal and holistic treatments based on centuries-old Buddhist healing practices. Many Bhutanese rely on a mix of both traditional and modern medicine for their well-being.

Visitors must have comprehensive travel insurance that covers medical treatment and emergency evacuation, as serious illnesses or injuries may require transport to another country for advanced care. Visitors should also bring any necessary prescription medication.

Travellers living with HIV

Travellers with HIV planning to stay in Bhutan for more than two weeks must present HIV test results conducted within six months prior to their visit. Short-term visitors (staying less than two weeks) are generally not subject to these requirements. However, policies can change, so it is advisable to check the latest regulations with Bhutanese immigration authorities or your tour operator before making travel arrangements.

Vaccinations Note:

* A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required by all travellers coming from an infected area.

Food Drink:

Tap water should be boiled first before drinking. Many hotels and restaurants in Bhutan provide filtered water, but carrying a reusable bottle with a built-in filter is a good idea.

While cases of foodborne illness are not widespread, it's wise to wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, avoid unpasteurised dairy, and ensure that meat is properly cooked. If you have a sensitive stomach, bringing along some basic medication for digestive issues is a good precaution.

Other Risks:

Many regions in Bhutan are situated at high elevations, so visitors may suffer from altitude sickness. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and nausea. To mitigate these effects, it's advisable to ascend gradually, stay hydrated, and allow time for acclimatisation. Individuals with pre-existing health conditions should consult a healthcare professional before travelling to high-altitude areas.

Currency Information:

1 Ngultrum (BTN; symbol Nu) = 100 chetrum (Ch). The Ngultrum is pegged to the Indian Rupee, which is also accepted as legal tender. Banknotes are available in denominations of Nu 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, and 5. Coins are in denominations of Nu 1, as well as 50, 25, and 20 Chetrum. Smaller denomination notes and coins have been discontinued but remain in circulation and are still legal tender. US Dollars are also widely accepted.

Credit Cards:

Credit cards (Visa and MasterCard) are increasingly accepted in Bhutan, particularly in major towns like Thimphu and Paro. However, in central and eastern regions of Bhutan, credit card facilities may be limited or unavailable.

ATMs:

ATMs are available in major towns, but not many accept international cards. Visitors should carry sufficient cash (US dollars or Indian Rupees).

Banking Hours:

Mon-Fri 09:00 to 13:00; Sat 09:00 to 11:00.

Currency Restrictions:

Import and export of Bhutanese Ngultrum (BTN): Individuals may carry up to Nu 5,000 into or out of Bhutan per instance. Amounts exceeding this limit must be declared to customs authorities upon arrival or departure.

Import and export of foreign currency: Travellers can bring into or take out of Bhutan foreign currency up to the equivalent of USD 10,000 without declaration. A declaration must be made at the customs point of entry or exit for amounts exceeding this.

Import and export of Indian Rupees (INR): For travel to countries other than India or Nepal, carrying Indian currency exceeding INR 10,000 requires declaration at customs upon arrival or departure.

Currency Exchange:

In Thimphu, several authorised money changers operate, including the Royal Securities Exchange of Bhutan located in the RICB Building on Norzin Lam 1. Paro also has several money exchange services. However, as you travel into the interior of the country, banking and currency exchange facilities become scarce. It's advisable to complete your currency exchanges in Thimphu or Paro and carry sufficient local currency when venturing into rural areas.

The Indian Rupee is accepted as legal tender, and US Dollars are widely accepted. However, it's prudent to have local currency on hand for smaller establishments and rural regions.

Currencies

Code	Symbol
BTN	Nu

Exchange Rates

71.41

84.32

67.90

Language

The official language of Bhutan is Dzongkha, a Tibetan-related language spoken primarily in western Bhutan. It is the language of government, education, and national identity, and is written using the Tibetan script. However, Bhutan is linguistically diverse, with over 19 regional languages and dialects spoken across the country, including Sharchopkha (Tsangla) in eastern Bhutan and Lhotshampa (Nepali dialects) in the south.

English is widely spoken in Bhutan, as it is the medium of instruction in schools and used in official government communications. Visitors will find that many officials, guides, hotel staff, and younger Bhutanese speak fluent English. However, in more remote areas, English proficiency may be limited, and communication might require basic Dzongkha phrases or assistance from a guide.

Overview:

Public holidays are listed here.

.

List Of Public Holidays

Title	Start Date	To Be Confirmed
Traditional Day of Offering	2025-01-30 00:00:00	0
Birthday of His Majesty the 5th King	2025-02-21 00:00:00	0
Losar	2025-03-01 00:00:00	0
Birthday of the Third Druk Gyalpo	2025-05-02 00:00:00	0
Lord Buddha's Parinirvana	2025-06-11 00:00:00	0
Birthday of Guru Rinpoche	2025-07-10 00:00:00	1
Drukpa Tshezhi (First Sermon of Lord Buddha)	2025-07-28 00:00:00	0
Thimphu Tshechu	2025-10-04 00:00:00	0
Coronation of the Fifth Druk Gyalpo	2025-11-01 00:00:00	0
Birthday of the Fourth Druk Gyalpo	2025-11-11 00:00:00	0
National Day	2025-12-17 00:00:00	0

Note:

Buddhist festivals are declared according to local astronomical observations and it is not possible to forecast the date of their occurrence exactly.

Overview:

The following goods may be imported into Bhutan by tourists without incurring duty:
• Up to 1L of alcoholic beverages.
• Personal effects.

The sale of tobacco is banned in Bhutan. However, tourists can import up to 200 cigarettes or three tins of 50 grams each of pipe tobacco for personal consumption, subject to a 100% customs duty.

The following goods may be imported by Bhutanese residents without incurring duty:
• 2 bottles of alcoholic beverages, up to 2L each.
• Up to 50g of gold.
• Up to 1kg of silver.
• 1 bottle, up to 60ml of perfume.
• 10 items of each type of clothing.
• The total value of the above items must not exceed US$1,000 or its equivalent in Ngultrum.

.

Banned Imports:

Narcotics, pornography, and other goods prohibited by law or international conventions.

Mobile Telephone:

Mobile phone coverage in Bhutan is good in cities, towns, and major tourist areas, but it can be limited or non-existent in remote and mountainous regions.

Bhutan has two main mobile network providers:
• B-Mobile (by Bhutan Telecom) – Offers the widest coverage, especially in rural areas.
• TashiCell – Provides competitive rates and decent coverage in urban centres.

Both networks offer local prepaid SIM cards, which are easily available at airports, mobile shops, and convenience stores. A passport is required for SIM card registration.

Internet:

Most towns and hotels offer Wi-Fi, though speeds can vary.

Media:

Bhutan's media landscape is young but growing, reflecting the country's cautious approach to modernisation. State-run and private media coexist, though all operate under the country's commitment to preserving cultural values and social harmony.

Television was only introduced in 1999, making Bhutan one of the last countries in the world to allow it. Today, the Bhutan Broadcasting Service (BBS) remains the only national TV channel, offering news, cultural programs, and educational content in Dzongkha and English. However, international satellite channels are available in many hotels and urban households.

Radio is one of the most influential forms of media, especially in rural areas where internet and television access is limited. The state-run BBS Radio broadcasts news and programs in multiple Bhutanese languages, while private stations like Kuzoo FM and Radio Valley focus on youth culture, entertainment, and music.

The newspaper industry is small but active, with publications such as Kuensel (state-run), The Bhutanese, and the Bhutan Times providing national and international news. Press freedom exists but is moderated, as Bhutanese media prioritises constructive journalism over sensationalism.

The internet and social media are becoming increasingly popular, especially among younger Bhutanese. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and WeChat are widely used, though Bhutan remains mindful of the impact of digital media on its cultural values.

Thimphu

Bhutan's capital, Thimphu, has no traffic lights—just white-gloved policemen gracefully directing the flow of cars. The city is home to the towering Buddha Dordenma, a 51-metre golden statue that gazes serenely over the valley. Meanwhile, the bustling Centenary Farmers' Market offers a kaleidoscope of local flavours, from dried yak cheese to fiery red chillies.

Punakha

At the centre of Punakha lies the magnificent Punakha Dzong, arguably the most beautiful fortress in Bhutan, set at the confluence of two rivers. This dzong isn't just a visual delight—it also holds deep historical significance as the site of Bhutan's royal coronation. Adventure seekers can take to the waters with white-water rafting on the Pho Chhu and Mo Chhu rivers, while those seeking tranquillity can visit the picturesque Khamsum Yulley Namgyal Chorten, a hilltop temple with panoramic valley views.

Paro

Set against a backdrop of emerald rice fields and fluttering prayer flags, Paro is the soul of Bhutanese spirituality. It is home to the country's most iconic sight, Tiger's Nest Monastery (Paro Taktsang), a gravity-defying sanctuary clinging to a sheer cliff face. The Paro Dzong, with its towering whitewashed walls and intricate woodwork, is another must-visit, offering sweeping views of the valley. As the sun sets, the riverbanks fill with locals in traditional dress, enjoying the crisp mountain air.

Archery

In Bhutan, archery (dha) is more than just a sport—it is a passionate national obsession woven into the country's cultural fabric. Unlike Olympic archery, where silence and precision rule, Bhutanese archery tournaments are lively spectacles filled with singing, dancing, and friendly taunts exchanged between teams. Matches can last for days, especially during festivals. To witness a Bhutanese archery match is to see sportsmanship, tradition, and sheer joy collide in a uniquely Bhutanese way.

Drametse Ngacham

In the serene village of Drametse in eastern Bhutan, a profound spiritual tradition comes alive through the Drametse Ngacham, or the "Mask Dance of the Drums". This sacred performance, believed to have originated in the 16th century, features dancers donning intricately crafted masks and vibrant costumes, moving rhythmically to the deep, resonant beats of traditional drums. Recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, witnessing this dance offers a profound glimpse into Bhutan's rich spiritual tapestry.

Trekking in Bhutan

For those seeking adventure intertwined with spiritual discovery, Bhutan's trekking routes offer unparalleled experiences. Trails such as the Druk Path Trek (5 to 6 days) and the challenging Snowman Trek (25 to 27 days) meander through pristine forests, alpine meadows, and remote villages, all set against the majestic backdrop of the Himalayas.

Trashiyangtse

Trashiyangtse is a picturesque town in eastern Bhutan, nestled amidst lush greenery and rolling hills. Two prominent landmarks are the 18th-century Chorten Kora and the School of 13 Traditional Arts (Rigney School). The latter preserves Bhutan's artistic heritage through disciplines such as painting, woodwork, and embroidery.

Bumthang

Bumthang is a region of four interconnected valleys—Chokhor, Tang, Ura, and Chhume—each steeped in legends, ancient monasteries, and timeless rural beauty. This is Bhutan's spiritual heartland, home to revered temples, including Jambay Lhakhang, where the famous fire dance festival takes place, and Kurjey Lhakhang, a sacred site said to bear the imprint of Guru Rinpoche. Most visitors base themselves in Jakar, the largest town, before setting off to explore the Chokhor Valley, where chapels, chortens, and picturesque villages sit against a backdrop of rolling hills and blue pine forests.

Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary

Tucked away in eastern Bhutan, Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary is a remote and pristine refuge teeming with biodiversity. Spanning dense forests, alpine meadows, and winding river valleys, it is home to rare species such as the red panda, Himalayan black bear, and over 100 species of butterflies. The sanctuary also serves as a wintering ground for the endangered black-necked cranes, which migrate here from Tibet, making it a paradise for birdwatchers.

Dochula Pass

For those craving a Himalayan panorama, Dochula Pass is the place to be. Sitting at 3,100m (10,171 ft), this mountain pass is studded with 108 memorial chortens (stupas) and offers a jaw-dropping vista of snow-capped peaks on a clear day. The crisp mountain air, the scent of pine, and the sight of prayer flags dancing in the wind make this a truly meditative stop on the way to Punakha.

Phobjikha Valley

Remote, untouched, and breathtakingly beautiful, Phobjikha is a glacial valley in central Bhutan where nature reigns supreme. It is best known as the winter home of the endangered black-necked cranes, which migrate here from Tibet every year. Locals celebrate their arrival with the Black-Necked Crane Festival, a heartwarming event filled with traditional dances and conservation efforts. Even without the cranes, the valley is a dreamlike landscape of rolling meadows, quaint villages, and a timeless stillness that lingers long after you leave.

Tiger's Nest Monastery

Tiger's Nest Monastery (Paro Taktsang) is probably Bhutan's most iconic landmark. Perched dramatically on a cliffside, 3,120m (10,236 ft) above sea level, this sacred site is both a pilgrimage and an adventure. The two-hour uphill trek is rewarded with jaw-dropping views and a serene atmosphere that feels like time has paused. Legend has it that Guru Rinpoche flew here on the back of a tigress in the 8th century, bringing Buddhism to Bhutan. To witness it in person is to understand why Bhutan is often described as the last Shangri-La.

Overview

The capital, Thimphu, is the best place for a diverse shopping experience. Norzim Lam, the main street, is lined with shops selling traditional textiles, handicrafts, and souvenirs. The Weekend Market, held from Friday to Sunday, is a lively gathering where locals sell fresh produce, handwoven fabrics, and unique Bhutanese goods. Thimphu's Centenary Farmers Market, on the other hand, sells local spices, dried herbs and traditional snacks.

Paro (around Paro Dzong) is another excellent shopping destination where visitors can find hand-spun wool garments, intricately carved masks, and traditional musical instruments. Punakha offers its own selection of crafts, including hand-carved wooden bowls and woven baskets, while Jakar in Bumthang Valley is known for its high-quality Bhutanese pottery, wooden carvings, and embroidered fabrics.

Authentic Bhutanese souvenirs include handwoven scarves, shawls, and the traditional attire—Kira for women and Gho for men. Thangka paintings, sacred scrolls depicting Buddhist deities, and Bhutanese handicrafts also make meaningful gifts.

Bargaining (polite negotiation) may be acceptable in local markets but not in government-run craft shops. Cash is the preferred mode of payment in most places. When purchasing high-value items like Thangka paintings, it is advisable to seek certificates of authenticity to ensure the quality of the artwork. Additionally, visitors should be mindful when buying religious or cultural items, ensuring they are appropriate to take home and not considered sacred artefacts.

Opening Hours

Mon-Sun 09:00 to 19:00 (most shops).

Fri-Sun 07:00 to 18:00 (some markets).

Overview

Bhutanese cuisine is a bold and flavourful experience, dominated by red rice, dairy, and an unapologetic love for chillies. Unlike in most places where chillies are just a seasoning, in Bhutan, they are treated as a vegetable, a spice, and a way of life. Expect dishes that pack a serious punch, with fiery flavours balanced by creamy cheese sauces and hearty grains.

The staple of Bhutanese meals is red rice, a nutty, slightly chewy grain that grows at high altitudes. It's often paired with datshi (cheese-based dishes) and rich stews. Many traditional dishes are vegetarian, reflecting Buddhist principles of non-violence. That said, meat dishes are also prevalent. The country's highland terrain means yak meat and dairy play a significant role, with butter, cheese, and dried meat forming part of traditional diets. In addition, much of Bhutan's meat and fish are imported from India, as religious and cultural practices discourage the slaughter of animals within the country.

Dining in Bhutan is a communal experience, with traditional meals often served family-style, shared from large bowls and eaten by hand. Tea—whether rich and salty or sweet—is an essential companion. In short, for those keen to explore Bhutanese flavours, it's best to embrace the heat, the cheese, and the simplicity of farm-to-table eating.

Regional Specialities

Tipping

In Bhutan, tipping in restaurants is not a widespread custom, as many establishments include a 10% service charge in the bill, which is distributed among the staff.

In contrast, tipping guides (US $10-$15 per day), drivers (US $5-$10 per day) and trekking staff (US $20-$30 per day) are more customary in Bhutan. A slightly higher amount is expected for groups of more than five people.

Drinking Age

18.

Hotels

Bhutan offers a range of hotels, as all tourists (except those travelling independently within Paro and Thimphu) must stay in licensed accommodations as part of their tour package.

At the high end, luxury resorts offer world-class service, spa retreats, and breathtaking Himalayan views. At the same time, mid-range hotels and traditional lodges provide modern comforts with Bhutanese architectural charm.

Camping Caravaning

Designated campsites are available for trekkers. Wild camping is not allowed.

History

Bhutan's history is a fascinating tale of mystics, monarchs, and mountains—a kingdom that has fiercely guarded its sovereignty while embracing change on its own terms. Unlike many of its neighbours, Bhutan was never colonised, allowing it to develop a unique cultural and political identity, shaped largely by Tibetan Buddhism.

Legends trace Bhutan's origins to the 8th century, when Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava), a revered Buddhist saint, arrived from Tibet, subduing local deities and introducing Tantric Buddhism, which remains central to Bhutanese life. Over the centuries, various Buddhist masters and feudal lords ruled different regions, but it wasn't until the 17th century that Bhutan was unified under Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, a Tibetan lama who established the dual system of governance, blending both religious and secular rule. He built Bhutan's iconic dzongs (fortress-monasteries), many of which still stand today.

After Zhabdrung's death, Bhutan experienced internal conflicts and power struggles, yet managed to maintain its independence. In 1907, the country transitioned to monarchy, with the coronation of King Ugyen Wangchuck, the first Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King). The Wangchuck dynasty has ruled ever since, overseeing Bhutan's steady modernisation while preserving its deep-rooted traditions.

In 2008, Bhutan made a historic shift to a constitutional monarchy, holding its first parliamentary elections. Yet, despite embracing democracy, Bhutan remains deeply connected to its unique philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH)—prioritising well-being over economic growth, a rare and refreshing approach in today's world.

Did you know?

• Bhutan is the only carbon-negative country in the world, thanks to its forests covering over 70% of the country. The government enforces strict conservation policies, ensuring at least 60% of its land remains untouched.
• There are no traffic lights in Bhutan—even in the capital, Thimphu. A traffic light was once installed but quickly removed after locals found it too impersonal.
• Television and the internet were banned until 1999 to preserve Bhutan's culture. The country still carefully regulates its exposure to globalisation.

Religion

Buddhists (75%), Hindus (23%), Others (2%).

Social Conventions

As a deeply Buddhist country, Bhutan holds its monasteries, dzongs (fortresses), and stupas in high regard. Visitors should remove their shoes and hats before entering temples, dress modestly by covering shoulders and legs, and walk clockwise around stupas and prayer wheels as a sign of respect. It is also considered impolite to point at religious objects or people with a finger—an open palm gesture is preferred.

When greeting Bhutanese people, a polite bow with hands folded in a "namaste" gesture is a traditional sign of respect, though handshakes are becoming more common. Bhutanese people are friendly but reserved, and while they appreciate warm interactions, public displays of affection are discouraged. When giving or receiving items, it is customary to use both hands, especially when interacting with elders.

Bhutan is one of the world's most environmentally conscious nations, and visitors are expected to follow sustainable tourism practices. Littering is strictly frowned upon, and respecting nature is paramount. Hiking off designated trails or disturbing wildlife is discouraged, as Bhutan places a strong emphasis on conservation. Additionally, always ask permission before photographing people, particularly monks and individuals in religious settings.

Tipping is not a strong custom in Bhutan (except for tour guides, drivers, and trekking staff). Bargaining is not common in Bhutanese culture, but polite negotiation may be acceptable in local markets.

Best Time To Visit:

Bhutan's climate is incredibly diverse, influenced by altitude variations and the monsoon season. The country ranges from humid subtropical conditions in the southern lowlands to alpine weather in the high Himalayas. The best time to visit Bhutan largely depends on what you want to experience, but spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are the most popular seasons.

Spring (March – May)

Spring is one of the best times to visit Bhutan, with mild temperatures and lush landscapes. In the capital city, Thimphu, average temperatures range from 14.4°C (57.9°F) in March to 20°C (68°F) in April. This season is ideal for trekking and for witnessing the blooming of rhododendrons and other wildflowers, which paint the valleys in vibrant colours.

Summer/Monsoon (June – August)

The monsoon season brings heavy rainfall, especially in the southern regions, which receive between 3,000 to 5,000 mm (118 to 195 inches) of rainfall annually. Temperatures during this period range from 15°C (59°F) to 30°C (86°F), with high humidity levels. While the countryside is lush and green, the rains can cause landslides that may disrupt travel. However, this season sees fewer tourists, offering a peaceful and secluded travel experience.

Autumn (September – November)

With the monsoon rains retreating, autumn is ideal for trekking and sightseeing, offering clear skies, comfortable temperatures, and stunning Himalayan views. This is also when some of Bhutan's biggest festivals, including Thimphu Tshechu and Paro Tshechu, take place, drawing visitors from around the world. In Paro, average temperatures range from 23.4°C (74.1°F) in September to 13.9°C (57°F) in November. Autumn is another peak season, attracting hikers, culture lovers, and photographers alike.

Winter (December – February)

Winters in Bhutan can be quite cold, with snowfall in the higher regions. However, this is a great time to visit the lower valleys such as Punakha, Paro, and Thimphu, where visitors can enjoy crisp, clear days with minimal crowds. For example, in January, Punakha's average temperatures range from a high of 17°C (62.6°F) to a low of 4.3°C (39.7°F). Winter is also when black-necked cranes migrate to Phobjikha Valley, making it a fantastic time for birdwatching and off-season travel.

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Required Clothing

What you pack for Bhutan depends largely on the season and altitude of your travels. Layering is key, as temperatures can fluctuate significantly between day and night.

For spring (March–May) and autumn (September–November), lightweight, breathable clothing is ideal for daytime, but a warm jacket is necessary for cooler mornings and evenings, especially in the mountains.

During summer (June–August), monsoon rains are common, so a waterproof jacket, quick-drying clothes, and sturdy shoes are recommended. In the southern regions, where it remains warm and humid, light cotton clothing is most comfortable.

Winter (December–February) can be cold, especially in higher altitudes, so thermal layers, thick jackets, gloves, and scarves are essential if visiting places like Bumthang or Haa Valley. However, in lower valleys like Punakha, winter temperatures remain mild, requiring only a light jacket.

Regardless of the season, both male and female visitors should dress modestly, especially when visiting religious sites—shoulders and knees should be covered. Comfortable walking shoes are a must for Bhutan's uneven terrain and frequent temple visits.

Dialing Code:

+975

Area(sq km):

38,394

Population:

787,424

Population Density(per sq km):

20.47

Population Year:

2023

EU Member:

No

Main emergency number

112