Kazakhstan Travel Guide

Overview

Capital:

Astana.

Geography:

Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country and the ninth-largest country, spanning 2.7 million square kilometres across Central Asia and Eastern Europe. It shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and its diverse landscapes range from vast steppes and deserts to towering mountains and lush valleys. The country's southern regions are dominated by the Tian Shan and Altai mountain ranges, offering stunning alpine scenery, while the central steppe stretches endlessly, home to nomadic traditions.

Despite being landlocked, Kazakhstan boasts the Caspian Sea coastline in the west, along with large inland bodies of water like Lake Balkhash, a unique lake that is half freshwater and half saltwater. The country's climate is continental, with hot summers and freezing winters, making it a land of dramatic seasonal contrasts.

Getting There

Getting There By Air

Kazakhstan is well-connected by air, offering travellers multiple entry points into the country. The primary international gateways are:
• Almaty International Airport (ALA): Located approximately 18 kilometres northeast of Almaty, this is Kazakhstan's busiest airport.
• Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport (NQZ): Situated in the capital city, Astana, it is the main aviation for northern Kazakhstan.
• Aktau International Airport (SCO): Located near the Caspian Sea, it receives flights from neighbouring countries.

Kazakhstan's national carrier, Air Astana, operates from both Almaty and Astana, providing extensive domestic and international services.

Other airlines that fly to Kazakhstan include Aeroflot Russian Airlines, Asiana Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Lufthansa, Oman Air, and Turkish Airlines.

Flight Times

London to Almaty: 8 hr 10 min (direct).

Getting There By Road

Travellers can travel to Kazakhstan by road, as the country shares land borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. The road network is extensive, though conditions vary depending on the route and region. Key land border crossings into Kazakhstan include:

From Russia: Multiple crossings, with the most commonly used routes connecting cities like Omsk (RUS) to Pavlodar (KAZ), Chelyabinsk (RUS) to Kostanay (KAZ), and Astrakhan to Atyrau.

From China: The main crossing is Khorgos, which connects Almaty (KAZ) with Ürümqi (CHN) and serves as a major trade hub.

From Kyrgyzstan: The busiest crossing is Kordai, linking Bishkek (KGZ) to Almaty (KAZ), with a relatively straightforward road journey.

From Uzbekistan: The Zhibek Zholy border near Tashkent (UZB) is the main entry point, with direct road access to Shymkent (KAZ) and Turkistan (KAZ).

From Turkmenistan: The Temir Baba border crossing is an option, but road conditions can be challenging.

Getting There By Water

A cargo service operates between Baku (AZE) and Aktau (KAZ), primarily used for cargo but also available for passengers. The journey takes 18 to 30 hours, depending on weather and port delays. Please note that the ship does not run on a strict schedule; departures depend on cargo load.

Getting Around

Getting Around By Air

Domestic air travel is a common and efficient means of transportation within Kazakhstan, given the country's vast size and the significant distances between major cities.

Major Domestic Airlines:
• Air Astana: As the national carrier, Air Astana operates numerous domestic routes connecting key cities such as Almaty, Astana, Shymkent, and Aktobe.
• FlyArystan: This low-cost subsidiary of Air Astana offers affordable flights across a wide network of domestic destinations, making air travel more accessible to a broader population.
• Qazaq Air: Qazaq Air connects regional centres and smaller cities, enhancing interregional accessibility.

Bike

The country's sheer size means that cyclists can expect long distances between settlements, especially in central and western areas dominated by semi-deserts. Popular cycling regions include the Almaty Region, offering a mix of cultural experiences and natural beauty, and the Altai Mountains, known for their challenging terrains and stunning vistas. The best time to cycle in the Altai is between July and August.

Cyclists should meticulously plan their routes, familiarise themselves with local laws and customs, and carry adequate food, water, and camping gear.

Breakdown Services

There isn't a national breakdown service in Kazakhstan.

Car Hire

International car rental chains operate at major airports and within city centres, offering both short- and long-term rentals, as well as chauffeur-driven services and transfers.

The minimum age to rent a car in Kazakhstan typically ranges between 21 and 25 years, depending on the rental company's policy. While some companies accept domestic licences, many require an International Driving Permit (IDP) or a notarised translation of the licence into Russian.

Coach

Long-distance coaches are a prevalent mode of transportation in Kazakhstan, though journey times can be extensive due to the country's size. For instance, a trip from Astana to Almaty by bus may take approximately 17 to 20 hours, and onboard amenities can vary.

Sayran Bus Station in Almaty, located at the intersection of Tole Bi and Otegen Batyr streets, is the city's primary hub for long-distance buses. It operates routes to cities such as Bishkek, Urumqi, Taraz, Shymkent, Oskemen, Karaganda, and Astana. The station offers amenities including a 24/7 luggage room and various shops.

Astana-Saparjai-1 Bus Station serves over 60 intercity, interregional, and international routes daily. It has facilities such as ticket counters, waiting areas, and eateries.

Kokshetau Central Bus Terminal, near the Kokshetau Railway Station, provides services to cities like Astana, Karaganda, Pavlodar, Petropavl, as well as international destinations including Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Tobolsk, Tyumen, Kurgan, and Bishkek.

Tickets for long-distance buses can be purchased directly at bus station counters or through online platforms such as Tickets.kz, which allows users to check schedules and book seats in advance.

Documentation

Foreign drivers are required to carry a valid driver's license (or an IDP if the license is not in Russian or Kazakh), vehicle registration documents, proof of insurance, and their passport.

Getting Around By Rail

The national railway company, Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (KTZ), operates an extensive network. Popular domestic routes include:
• Almaty to Nur-Sultan (Astana).
• Almaty to Shymkent.
• Nur-Sultan to Atyrau.

Foreign travellers should consider booking train tickets in advance, especially during peak travel months (July and August). Tickets can be purchased at station counters or via Kazakhstan Temir Zholy's (KTZ) official website.

Trains offer various classes of service, ranging from basic seating to sleeper cabins, with the latter providing enhanced comfort for long journeys. Station signage is primarily in Kazakh and Russian, so learning basic Russian phrases or having a translation app is useful. Long-distance trains generally provide basic amenities, including bedding and dining cars, but travellers should carry personal essentials and snacks to ensure a comfortable journey.

Regulations

Speed limits vary depending on location, usually 60 km/h (37 mph) in urban areas, 20 km/h (12 mph) in residential zones, 90 km/h (56 mph) on rural roads, and up to 110 km/h (68 mph) on highways.

Seat belts are mandatory for drivers and front-seat passengers. The country enforces a zero-tolerance policy on alcohol consumption while driving, meaning even a small amount of alcohol in your system can result in severe penalties.

Winter tyres are not legally required, but they are highly recommended due to Kazakhstan's harsh winter conditions, where icy roads and heavy snowfall make driving extremely hazardous.

Getting Around By Road

Kazakhstan's vast landscapes are connected by a network of major road routes, making it possible to explore the country by car.

Major highways are generally well-maintained, especially between key cities like Astana and Almaty. However, roads leading to remote natural attractions can be rough and may require a vehicle with higher clearance. Fuel stations are readily available along main routes but become sparse in less populated areas, so filling up before long drives is essential. Navigation is relatively easy using mobile apps like Google Maps, though carrying an offline map or GPS device is advisable for journeys into areas with poor reception. Seasonal factors should also be considered—winter travel can be particularly challenging due to snow and icy roads, especially in mountainous regions.

Major tourist road routes include:
• Astana to Almaty, with a driving distance of 1,211 km (753 miles).
• Astana to Burabay National Park, about 250 km (155 miles).
• Almaty to Charyn Canyon, about 212 km (132 miles).
• Almaty to Kolsai Lakes, about 300 km (186 miles).

Road Quality

Major highways connecting cities like Astana and Almaty are generally in good condition. However, roads leading to natural attractions such as Charyn Canyon and Kolsai Lakes may have rougher sections, so a vehicle with higher clearance is advisable. In addition, winter travel can be difficult due to snow and icy roads.

Side Of Road

r

Taxi

Taxis in Kazakhstan can be tricky to navigate, as there is no standardised taxi colour or design, making it difficult to distinguish official taxis from unlicensed ones. Meter usage is inconsistent, so it's crucial to agree on a fare before starting your journey to avoid being overcharged. Also, be cautious of potential fake meter scams. Tipping is not common for taxi services.

Rail-hailing apps like Yandex Go are available in Kazakhstan. They offer clear pricing and vehicle tracking.

Urban Travel

Urban travel in Kazakhstan's two largest cities, Almaty and Nur-Sultan (Astana), is relatively well-developed, with multiple transport options catering to both locals and visitors.

Getting around in Almaty

Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, has a diverse transport network, including buses, trolleybuses, a metro system, taxis, and ride-hailing services. The ONAY! Card is Almaty's unified electronic payment system for public transportation and can be purchased at newsstands, metro stations, and railway stations.
• Metro: Almaty has Kazakhstan's only metro system, which is modern, clean, and efficient. It has one line with limited stations, but it's a great way to avoid traffic congestion.
• Buses & Trolleybuses: The city operates an extensive bus network covering most areas. These are an affordable way to get around, though they can be crowded during peak hours.
• Taxis & Ride-Hailing: While taxis are available, Yandex Go (Kazakhstan's equivalent of Uber) is the most popular and reliable way to book a ride.
• Cycling & Scooters: There are public bike-sharing and electric scooter services, though cycling infrastructure is limited.
• Walking: Almaty is more pedestrian-friendly than other Kazakh cities, with leafy streets and well-maintained pavements.

Getting around in Nur-Sultan (Astana)

Kazakhstan's capital, Nur-Sultan, has a modern but less extensive transport system compared to Almaty.
• Buses: The primary mode of public transport is buses. The fleet includes modern, eco-friendly buses with contactless payment options.
• Taxis & Ride-Hailing: Taxis are available, but Yandex Go is preferred by many visitors.
• Cycling & Walking: The city has some bike lanes, but due to its extreme winters and vast distances, walking or cycling is not always practical.

Travel Advice

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to:

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

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This information is for people travelling on a full 'British citizen' passport from the UK. It is based on the UK government's understanding of Kazakhstan's current rules for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in Kazakhstan set and enforce entry rules. If you're not sure how these requirements apply to you, contact the Kazakh Embassy in the UK.

Passport validity requirements

To enter Kazakhstan, your passport must be valid for at least 30 days from the date you arrive and have at least one blank page. 

If you have a visa for Kazakhstan, your passport must have an 'expiry date' at least 3 months after your visa's expiry date.

Check with your travel provider that your passport and other travel documents meet requirements. Renew your passport if you need to. 

You will be denied entry if you do not have a valid travel document or try to use a passport that has been reported lost or stolen. 

Dual nationality

Kazakhstan does not recognise dual nationality. If you are found to have a Kazakh passport and another passport, you will be fined and your Kazakh citizenship will be withdrawn.

Visa requirements

You can visit Kazakhstan without a visa for up to 30 days for business or tourism. You can make as many visa-free visits as you like, but you must not stay more than 90 days without a visa in any 180-day period.

To stay longer, to work or study or for other reasons, you must meet the Kazakh government's entry requirements. Check which type of visa or work permit you need with the Kazakh Embassy in the UK. Also see visa information from Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 

You can apply for a visa from the Kazakhstan government's visa website. Check the validity dates of your visa and any restrictions before you travel.

British nationals aged 17 or over who apply for a visa or residency must submit biometrics (fingerprints) as part of the application process.

Registering with the authorities

Your hotel or the person hosting you must register your arrival with the Kazakh authorities. They must do this within 3 working days of your arrival in Kazakhstan. 

Travelling overland between Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus

Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus are in a single customs union. If you want to travel overland in your own vehicle between these countries, make sure your customs declaration and temporary import licence are valid for your whole stay in all 3 countries. You can extend the import licence for up to one year by contacting the customs authorities in any of the countries.

See Russia travel advice and Belarus travel advice.

Vaccine requirements

To enter Kazakhstan, you must have a certificate to prove you've had a yellow fever vaccination if you're coming from a country listed as a transmission risk.

For full details about medical entry requirements and recommended vaccinations, see TravelHealthPro's Kazakhstan guide.

Customs rules

There are strict rules about goods you can take into or out of Kazakhstan. You must declare anything that may be prohibited or subject to tax or duty.

Taking money into Kazakhstan

There are limits on how much foreign currency you can bring to Kazakhstan or take with you when you leave. Contact the State Revenue Department if you have specific questions.

Terrorism 

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times. 

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe abroad and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in Kazakhstan

Terrorist attacks in Kazakhstan cannot be ruled out.

Attacks could be indiscriminate, including in places visited by foreign nationals. Be alert for any security related announcements by the Kazakh authorities.

Protests and demonstrations

Public demonstrations are only permitted when authorised by the Kazakh authorities in advance. Occasional unauthorised small-scale public protests take place. This may put participants at risk of arrest. Avoid any demonstrations or political gatherings. If you become aware of any nearby violence or disturbance, leave the area immediately.

Crime

Robbery and violent crime

There have been violent thefts in expatriate communities in Atyrau and Aktau in western Kazakhstan and in Astana and Almaty. They happen mainly at night in and around local nightclubs and bars or when arriving home late at night. Robberies are uncommon in cities and rural areas but do happen.

Avoid walking alone at night and pre-arrange your transport. Do not use unofficial taxis or a taxi already occupied by a passenger.

Protecting your belongings

Pickpocketing is very common in crowded places such as markets and on public transport. Criminals may target foreigners as they are assumed to be carrying valuable items. Keep valuables in a safe place and out of public view.

Thieves may target luggage on trains. Always lock your railway compartment on an overnight train.

Scams 

Beware of internet scams. Scammers may target you on dating apps or on visa-related websites.

Make sure you know the arrangements for being met at the airport, and make sure the person is who they say they are. 

Bank card fraud

Fraudsters can steal your card details without you noticing. Use ATMs inside banks if possible, and check ATMs on the street for signs of tampering. Keep cards in sight when paying in shops and restaurants. Read more about how to avoid bank card fraud.

Drink spiking and sexual assault 

Drink spiking is a risk in nightclubs and bars and can lead to sexual assault. Alcohol and drugs can reduce your vigilance, making you less in control.

Avoid splitting up from your friends, do not leave drinks unattended and do not go off with people you do not know. Save the location of your accommodation on your maps app, so it's easy to find. See TravelAware 'Stick with your mates' for tips and advice.

Laws and cultural differences

Kazakhstan has a secular constitution. (A secular state claims to treat all its citizens equally regardless of religion.) You should respect local traditions, customs, laws and religions.

Personal ID

Carry original ID such as your driving licence or passport at all times. Police patrolling the streets may ask for your ID, and copies are not acceptable. You need to show your original ID to enter state buildings.

Ramadan 

Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims. The dates vary by year and country. Cafés and restaurants may amend their menus and be busy around fast-breaking ('Iftar'). Areas around mosques are also likely to be busy around prayer times. Take particular care not to offend religious sensitivities at this time.

Alcohol laws and bans 

Shops are not allowed to sell alcohol between 11pm and 8am. Alcoholic drinks which have an alcohol content level of more than 30% cannot be sold in shops between 9pm and 12 noon. Bars, restaurants and cafés are not covered by this rule.

If police find you drinking alcohol in the street, or if you appear to be drunk, they can take you to a police station and issue you with a fine or detain you in a police cell overnight.

Smoking and e-cigarette bans 

Smoking and vaping are illegal in and near to:

• schools and playgrounds
• healthcare facilities
• public places – museums, libraries, cinemas, sport centres, public transport, nightclubs, airports, rail stations and underpasses
• cars with children travelling

The fine for smoking in an unauthorised place is around £90, and more if it's a repeat offence. 

It is illegal to sell, distribute, import or produce smokeless cigarettes, e-cigarettes (vapes), or e-liquid for e-cigarettes. You could get a fine or a prison sentence of up to 2 years.

Illegal drugs and prison sentences

If you possess or use illegal drugs, you could face a lengthy prison sentence:

• for possession, manufacturing of drugs with distribution purposes – 5 to 10 years
• for possession, manufacturing of drug with distribution purposes in large amounts – 6 to 12 years
• for advertising drugs – fine or up to 3 years in prison

Prison conditions are basic.

Posting on social media

It's illegal to post images or comments on social media that show disrespect towards religion, culture or national symbols. Take particular care with images that show the Kazakh flag. If you share or publish images that the authorities consider to be insulting, you could get a fine or a prison sentence.

Taking photos in secure areas

You could start problems with local officials if you take photos or videos of or near military sites, border areas, airports and some official buildings. There may not be any signs warning about these restrictions.

Some large shops and supermarkets do not allow photography.

Using drones in Kazakhstan

You can bring a drone to Kazakhstan without a licence. However, you risk a fine, detention and the confiscation of your drone if you operate a drone without a licence.

Apply for a drone licence from the Civil Aviation Committee. You should include technical characteristics of the drone and details of planned use (when, where and how long). See local regulations on drone licensing requirements (in Russian).

LGBT+ travellers

Although same-sex sexual activity is not illegal, same-sex relationships are often not tolerated, especially outside of the major cities.

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Wildlife, animal products and souvenirs 

You are not allowed to export:

• art or antiques that have historical, cultural or scientific value
• gold, precious stones or rare minerals
• rare specimens of flora or animals

Take local expert advice before making any such purchase.

Transport risks

Road travel

If you are planning to drive in Kazakhstan, see information on driving abroad and Kazakhstan's rules of the road (in Russian).

You need a 1968 international driving permit (IDP) as well as your UK licence to drive in Kazakhstan. You cannot buy an IDP outside the UK, so get one before you travel. Check if you need a UK sticker to drive your car outside the UK.

The minimum legal age for driving is 16 for motorbikes and 18 for cars.

Hire car companies often have stricter requirements for their customers, such as a year of driving experience, a higher minimum age and holding an IDP.

Road conditions

Driving standards can be erratic. Many cars are not safely maintained and do not have rear seatbelts.

Many roads are poorly maintained. Roadworks and damaged roads are often not signposted. In remote rural areas, there are often stray animals on the roads. In winter, roads can be hazardous due to snow or ice.

Service stations are limited outside the main cities. Take all that you need for your journey, including fuel and water. Make sure your vehicle is properly maintained and in a good condition for long journeys.

If traffic police stop you for a traffic offence, they should give you an official paper. 

Closed areas

The following areas are closed to visitors unless you have received prior permission from the Foreign Ministry, the Interior Ministry and the Kazakh National Security Committee:

• Gvardeyskiy village in the Almaty region of south-eastern Kazakhstan
• the town of Baikonur
• the districts of Karmakchi and Kazalinsk in the southern Kyzylorda region

Border crossings

Officials may close border crossing points at short notice.

Extreme weather and natural disasters

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards. 

Wildfires 

Wildfires affected forests in east Kazakhstan in 2023. Regions in the Kazakh steppe can also be affected by grass fires. Take local advice.

Flooding and mudslides

Widespread flooding affected much of northern and western Kazakhstan in April 2024. Take local advice about road closures and transport disruption caused by flooding.

Mudslides and landslides can occur in the mountain areas of south-east Kazakhstan.

Earthquakes 

Kazakhstan has several areas which are at high risk of earthquakes. Almaty is in an active seismic zone. The last major earthquake involving loss of life was in 1927. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency has advice about what to do before, during and after an earthquake.

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Dial 103 and ask for an ambulance. The operator answering may not speak English.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you're referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Kazakhstan
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you'll face in Kazakhstan including biting insects and ticks.

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Kazakhstan. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro.

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

Basic medications such as aspirin are available without a prescription. It's best to bring enough medication with you.

If you need prescription medication while in Kazakhstan, you will need a valid prescription either from a local doctor or your UK prescription translated into Kazakh or Russian. Medications often come under different brand names, so ask for the drug's generic name. If they are not available locally, it may be possible to get drugs to be couriered through a private clinic, for example, International SOS clinic.

Healthcare in Kazakhstan

The medical facilities in Kazakhstan are not as advanced as in the UK. Make sure you have adequate travel health insurance and accessible funds to cover the cost of medical treatment or evacuation by air ambulance and repatriation. Medical staff do not typically speak English.

FCDO has a list of medical facilities in Kazakhstan where some staff will speak English.

There is also guidance on healthcare if you're living in Kazakhstan.

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) cannot provide tailored advice for individual trips. Read this travel advice and carry out your own research before deciding whether to travel.

Emergency services in Kazakhstan

Ambulance: 103

Fire: 101

Police:102

Emergency and rescue service: 112 

Contact your travel provider and insurer

Contact your travel provider and your insurer if you are involved in a serious incident or emergency abroad. They will tell you if they can help and what you need to do.

Refunds and changes to travel

For refunds or changes to travel, contact your travel provider. You may also be able to make a claim through insurance. However, insurers usually require you to talk to your travel provider first.

Find out more about changing or cancelling travel plans, including:

• where to get advice if you are in a dispute with a provider
• how to access previous versions of travel advice to support a claim

Support from FCDO

FCDO has guidance on staying safe and what to do if you need help or support abroad, including: 

• finding English-speaking lawyers, funeral directors and translators and interpreters in Kazakhstan
• dealing with a death in Kazakhstan
• being arrested or imprisoned in Kazakhstan
• getting help if you're a victim of crime
• what to do if you're in hospital
• if you're affected by a crisis, such as a terrorist attack

Contacting FCDO

Help abroad  

See how to get help from the UK government abroad including in an emergency. 

Help in the UK  

You can call FCDO in London if you need urgent help because something has happened to a friend or relative abroad.  

Telephone: 020 7008 5000 (24 hours)  

Find out about call charges

Get travel advice updates  

Sign up to get email notifications when this travel advice is updated.  

Follow FCDO: 

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Risk information for British companies

The Overseas Business Risk service offers information and advice for British companies operating in Kazakhstan on how to manage political, economic, and business security-related risks.

Vaccinations

Title	Special Precautions
Malaria	No
Hepatitis A	Sometimes
Diphtheria	Sometimes
Rabies	Sometimes
Tetanus	Yes
Typhoid	Sometimes
Yellow Fever	No*

Overview:

Kazakhstan's healthcare system is a mix of public and private services, with ongoing reforms aimed at improving quality and accessibility. However, visitors should note that medical facilities, particularly in rural areas, may not meet international standards.

In urban centres like Almaty and Nur-Sultan, private clinics offer higher-quality care, but these services can be costly. Pharmacies are widely available and stock a good range of over-the-counter medications, though certain prescription drugs may require a doctor's note.

Travellers should obtain comprehensive travel medical insurance before visiting Kazakhstan. Such insurance should cover potential medical expenses and, if necessary, medical evacuation to facilities with higher care standards.

Vaccinations Note:

* A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travellers aged over 1 year arriving from, or transiting through, countries with a risk of yellow fever transmission.

Food Drink:

Tap water quality in Kazakhstan varies by region. In Astana (formerly Nur-Sultan), tap water meets safety standards but contains high chlorine levels, affecting its taste and potentially causing discomfort. In Almaty, opinions on tap water safety are mixed, so using filtered water is recommended. In rural areas, water quality is inconsistent, so it's best to boil water, use bottled water, or rely on portable water filters.

When it comes to food safety, travellers should avoid raw or undercooked meats. In addition, choose dairy products from reputable sources and opt for pasteurised options to minimise potential health risks.

Other Risks:

There is a risk of tick-borne encephalitis in Kazakhstan from early spring to late autumn (March to November), particularly in Almaty, Eastern Kazakhstan, Akmola, Kostanai, Karaganda, and Northern Kazakhstan. Travellers planning outdoor activities in forested, grassy, or rural areas should wear long clothing, use insect repellent, and check for ticks after hikes or nature walks. Those at higher risk, such as campers and trekkers, may consider vaccination before travelling. If bitten by a tick, medical assistance should be sought promptly.

Currency Information:

Kazakhstani Tenge (KZT; symbol ₸). Notes are in denominations of ₸ 20,000, 10,000, 5,000, 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 200. Coins are in denominations of ₸ 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1.

Credit Cards:

In Kazakhstan, credit cards (particularly Visa and MasterCard) are widely accepted in urban areas such as Almaty and Astana. However, in rural regions or when dealing with street vendors, cash remains the preferred payment method.

ATMs:

ATMs are readily available throughout major cities, including at airports, banks, and shopping centres. They typically accept international cards such as Visa, MasterCard, Cirrus, Plus, and Maestro.

Banking Hours:

Mon-Fri 09:00-17:00.

Currency Restrictions:

Local currency: There are no restrictions on importing Kazakh Tenge (KZT). However, exporting Kazakh Tenge is prohibited.

Foreign currency: There are no limits on importing foreign currencies, but amounts exceeding USD $10,000 (or its equivalent in another currency) must be declared upon arrival. When leaving Kazakhstan, you can export foreign currency up to the amount you declared upon entry. If the amount exceeds USD $10,000, you must provide proof of origin and declare it at customs.

Currency Exchange:

Authorised exchange bureaus are available in Kazakhstan. USD and EUR are the most commonly exchanged currencies in Kazakhstan. However, travellers should ensure that the banknotes they bring are in good condition (clean and free from tears or markings), as damaged or worn bills may be refused or exchanged at a less favourable rate.

Currencies

Code	Symbol
KZT	лв

Exchange Rates

350.26

415.29

335.55

Language

Kazakhstan is a bilingual nation, with Kazakh designated as the state language and Russian holding official status. English proficiency in Kazakhstan is relatively low.

Overview:

Public holidays are listed here.

.

List Of Public Holidays

Title	Start Date	To Be Confirmed
New Year's Day	2025-01-01 00:00:00	0
Russian Orthodox Christmas Day	2025-01-07 00:00:00	0
International Women's Day	2025-03-08 00:00:00	0
Nauryz Meyrami (Persian New Year)	2025-03-20 00:00:00	0
People's Unity Day	2025-05-01 00:00:00	0
Victory Day	2025-05-09 00:00:00	0
Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice)	2025-06-07 00:00:00	0
Constitution Day	2025-08-30 00:00:00	0
Independence Day	2025-12-16 00:00:00	0

Note:

Muslim festivals are timed according to local sightings of various phases of the moon and the dates given below are approximations. During the lunar month of Ramadan that precedes Eid al-Fitr, Muslims fast during the day and feast at night and normal business patterns may be interrupted. Some disruption may continue into Eid al-Fitr itself. Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha may last up to several days, depending on the region.

Overview:

Travellers can bring goods for personal use into Kazakhstan without paying customs duties and taxes within the following limits:
• By air: Up to €10,000 in value and 50 kg in weight.
• By road, railway, water transport, or on foot: Up to €500 in value and 25 kg in weight.
These regulations apply to all countries except the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Travelers from the following EAEU countries are exempt from these customs duties: Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia.

In addition:
• Individuals aged 21 and over can bring in up to 3L of alcohol products.
• Individuals aged 18 and over can bring in 200 cigarettes, or 50 cigars (cigarillos), or 250 grams of tobacco, or a mix of tobacco products with a total weight not exceeding 250 grams.

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Banned Imports:

Weapons and ammunition, narcotics and psychotropic substances, hazardous materials, cultural and historical artefacts, and counterfeit goods.

Mobile Telephone:

Kazakhstan has a well-developed mobile network, making it convenient for visitors to stay connected. The country's primary mobile service providers are Beeline, Kcell, and Tele2. Travellers can easily acquire prepaid SIM cards from these operators at airports, retail stores, and official outlets.

Internet:

Wi-Fi is available in most dining venues, large malls, airports, railway stations, and hotels.

Media:

Many major media outlets are either state-owned or controlled by entities linked to past ruling elite.

Television remains a dominant medium, with channels like KTK and First Channel Eurasia leading in viewership. The digital landscape is rapidly evolving, with platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, VKontakte (VK), and Odnoklassniki (OK.ru) being particularly popular among Kazakhstani users. This shift indicates a growing engagement with social media and digital content.

Ruins of Sauran

Once the largest city in Kazakhstan and a major stop along the Silk Road, Sauran was a fortified medieval city that flourished due to its strategic position. Situated northwest of Turkistan, its well-preserved city walls and layout provide insight into medieval urban planning, making it a fascinating historical site to explore.

Charyn Canyon

Often referred to as the "Grand Canyon's little brother", Charyn Canyon is a natural wonder located about 200 km (124 miles) east of Almaty. Towering red sandstone formations, sculpted by wind and water over millions of years, create a dramatic landscape. The Valley of Castles, a particularly famous section of the canyon, features rock formations resembling fortress towers. Hiking, camping, and rafting along the Charyn River are popular activities here.

Almaty

Kazakhstan's former capital and largest city, Almaty, is a lively hub set against the backdrop of the snow-capped Zailiysky Alatau mountains. The city is home to the Ascension Cathedral, an architectural gem made entirely of wood and without a single nail. The bustling Green Bazaar is a fantastic place to sample local delicacies like kurt (dried cheese) and shubat (fermented camel's milk). For breathtaking views, take a cable car up to Kok-Tobe Hill, where a towering TV tower stands above the city, or visit Medeu, the world's highest-altitude ice-skating rink.

Kolsai Lakes

Known as the "Pearls of the Northern Tien Shan", the three Kolsai Lakes are breathtakingly beautiful alpine lakes surrounded by dense fir forests and towering mountains. The lakes are about 300 km (186 miles) from Almaty and are perfect for hiking, horseback riding, and camping. The area is rich in wildlife, and if you're lucky, you might spot ibex, golden eagles, or even bears.

Baikonur Cosmodrome

Kazakhstan is home to the world's first and largest operational space launch facility, the Baikonur Cosmodrome. This historic site, still leased to Russia, was where Yuri Gagarin took off in 1961 and became the first human in space. Guided tours allow visitors to explore the museum, space shuttle displays, and even witness a live rocket launch (if timed correctly).

Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve

Established in 1926, Aksu-Zhabagly is Central Asia's oldest nature reserve, covering vast landscapes of canyons, rivers, and meadows filled with wild tulips. It's one of the best places to see snow leopards, ibex, and golden eagles in their natural habitat. Hiking in the Aksu Canyon, one of the deepest in Central Asia, is an unforgettable experience.

Turkistan & The Mausoleum of Yasawi

Turkistan is Kazakhstan's spiritual and historical centre, home to the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, a Turkic poet and Sufi spiritual leader. This UNESCO World Heritage Site was built in the 14th century by Timur (Tamerlane), and the mausoleum is one of the greatest examples of Timurid architecture, featuring intricate blue-tiled domes, vast archways, and stunning geometric patterns.

Ile-Alatau National Park

Located just outside Almaty, Ile-Alatau National Park is an adventure playground filled with glaciers, alpine meadows, and snow-covered peaks. One of the highlights is Big Almaty Lake, a stunning turquoise reservoir surrounded by mountains. The park offers plenty of hiking and trekking opportunities, and visitors can spot lynx, wolves, and even snow leopards in the wild.

Nur-Sultan (Astana)

The capital, Nur-Sultan, is a futuristic city known for its ultra-modern skyline and ambitious architecture. The Baiterek Tower, often called the "Tree of Life", offers panoramic views of the city, while the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center, a giant transparent tent, houses a shopping mall, an indoor beach, and a mini-golf course. The National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides an excellent introduction to the country's history, and the Hazrat Sultan Mosque features impressive domes and intricate Islamic artistry.

Winter Sports

Kazakhstan's diverse terrain and climate make it an emerging destination for winter sports enthusiasts. The country's premier ski resort, Shymbulak, is located near Almaty in the Zailiysky Alatau mountain range, offering well-developed slopes for skiers and snowboarders of all levels. Nearby, the Medeu High-Mountain Sports Complex, one of the world's highest ice rinks, sits at 1,691m (5,549 ft), attracting both professional athletes and casual skaters.

Mangystau & The Valley of Balls

The Mangystau region in western Kazakhstan feels like another planet. Its most famous site, Torysh, aka the "Valley of Balls", features thousands of unusual spherical rock formations scattered across the desert. Scientists debate whether these are ancient fossilised concretions or the result of mysterious geological forces. The region also boasts incredible canyons, chalk mountains, and underground mosques, making it an off-the-beaten-path adventure.

Lake Kaindy

Perhaps one of Kazakhstan's most surreal landscapes, Lake Kaindy is famous for its submerged forest. Formed after an earthquake in 1911, the lake flooded a valley of spruce trees, leaving their ghostly trunks rising from the clear turquoise water. It's a paradise for photographers and nature lovers, and in the winter, the frozen lake becomes an eerie, otherworldly spectacle.

The Aral Sea

Once one of the world's largest lakes, the Aral Sea has largely dried up due to Soviet-era water diversion projects, leaving behind an eerie desert of abandoned fishing boats. The site serves as a stark reminder of environmental mismanagement, and the nearby town of Aralsk houses a small museum documenting the lake's tragic history.

Otrat

Otrar was once a thriving hub on the Silk Road, playing a key role in trade and cultural exchange before its decline in the 15th century. Located near the modern village of Talapty, visitors can explore its archaeological remains, including the remnants of fortifications, residential areas, and communal baths.

Overview

Shopping in Kazakhstan offers a fascinating mix of traditional markets and modern retail experiences. One of the most iconic markets is the Green Bazaar (Zeleniy Bazaar) in Almaty, a historic trading hub where visitors can browse through fresh produce, traditional crafts, and regional delicacies while experiencing the lively atmosphere of local commerce.

For authentic souvenirs, felt products, such as carpets, hats, and slippers, are popular and showcase the artistry of the country's nomadic traditions. Music enthusiasts may appreciate Kazakh musical instruments, particularly the dombra (a two-stringed lute) and the kobyz (a bowed instrument), integral to Kazakh folk culture. Jewellery crafted from silver and turquoise, featuring intricate traditional designs, makes for an elegant and culturally significant keepsake. Visitors can also take home local sweets and chocolates, with Rakhat being one of the most well-known brands, offering a delicious taste of Kazakhstan's confectionery traditions.

Bargaining is common in traditional markets, and a friendly, respectful approach can often lead to a better price. Purchasing from reputable vendors or artisan cooperatives is recommended to ensure authenticity, as this supports local craftsmanship and guarantees quality. When buying items with cultural or religious significance, it's important to show respect and understanding of their importance in Kazakh society.

Opening Hours

Most shops: Mon-Sat 09:00-17:00.

The Green Bazaar: Tue-Sun 09:00 to 19:00.

Overview

Kazakhstan's food and drink culture is deeply rooted in its nomadic heritage, blending Central Asian, Russian, and Middle Eastern influences. Traditional meals are typically centred around meat, dairy, and hearty grains, reflecting the historical reliance on livestock and the vast, open landscapes of the steppe. Meals are communal affairs, where hospitality plays a key role. Guests are warmly welcomed and often treated to an abundance of food, as generosity is a cornerstone of Kazakh culture.

While traditional Kazakh cuisine remains a staple, modern cities like Almaty and Nur-Sultan have embraced international flavours, offering a mix of Central Asian, European, and contemporary fusion cuisine. Vegetarian options can be found in larger cities, though they are less common in rural areas. It is advisable to clarify dietary preferences in advance, as some dishes that appear meat-free may still contain animal broth or fats.

Markets and street vendors provide a chance to sample authentic local snacks, while high-end restaurants serve refined versions of classic dishes. Tea culture is deeply ingrained, with people often lingering over long conversations while enjoying a warm cup of tea.

Regional Specialities

Tipping

Many restaurants and cafés include a service charge, typically around 10%, in the bill. Therefore, additional tipping is not obligatory. However, if a service charge is not included, leaving a tip of 10% to 15% is appreciated.

Drinking Age

21.

Hotels

Cities and popular tourist destinations in Kazakhstan offer a wide range of accommodations, from luxury hotels to budget-friendly options.

Camping Caravaning

There are designated campsites in Altyn-Emel National Park and Kolsay Lakes National Park.

Other

History

Kazakhstan's history is a rich tapestry woven from its ancient nomadic traditions and strategic position in Central Asia. Early inhabitants of the region included nomadic tribes such as the Saka and Scythians, who roamed the vast steppes.

The region also played a crucial role in the Silk Road, the vast network of trade routes that linked China, the Middle East, and Europe. Caravans carrying silk, spices, and precious goods passed through Kazakhstan, leaving behind a lasting cultural and economic impact. Even today, remnants of this trade route can be seen in historic sites such as Otrar and Sauran.

In the 13th century, the area fell under the dominion of the Mongol Empire, becoming part of the Golden Horde. By the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate emerged, consolidating various nomadic groups and laying the foundation for modern Kazakh identity. However, internal divisions and external pressures led to parts of Kazakhstan being gradually annexed by the Russian Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Kazakhstan underwent several administrative changes, eventually becoming the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936. During this period, the region experienced significant industrialisation and demographic shifts, partly due to Soviet policies and forced relocations.

Kazakhstan declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 16 December 1991, marking the beginning of its journey as a sovereign nation. Since then, it has pursued economic development and established itself as a key player in Central Asia.

Did you know?

• The Baikonur Cosmodrome in southern Kazakhstan is the world's first and largest space launch facility.
• Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country. Despite having no coastline, it has a vast network of lakes and rivers, including the Caspian Sea, the world's largest inland body of water.
• Apples originated in Kazakhstan. The modern apple traces its roots to the Tian Shan mountains near Almaty, where wild apple trees still grow.

Religion

Muslim (69.3%), Christian (17.2%), Atheist (2.3%), Undeclared (11%), Others (2%).

Social Conventions

Kazakhstan is a hospitable and culturally diverse country where respect and politeness are highly valued. Hospitality is central to Kazakh culture, and guests are often welcomed with tea and food, which should always be accepted as a sign of appreciation. When greeting someone, a handshake with the right hand is common among men, while a slight nod or placing a hand over the heart is a more traditional greeting for women.

Modesty in dress and behaviour is appreciated, particularly in rural areas and religious settings. While urban centres like Almaty and Astana are modern and cosmopolitan, visitors should still be mindful of local customs, such as removing shoes before entering a home. In traditional households, men and women may be seated separately during meals.

Kazakh society values respect for elders, and it is customary to greet older individuals first in a group. Public displays of affection are generally avoided in rural areas but are more accepted in major cities. While Kazakhstan is a secular state, Islam plays an influential role in cultural traditions, and visitors should be mindful of religious practices, especially during Ramadan.

When taking photographs, it is polite to ask for permission before photographing people, especially in rural or religious settings.

Tipping is not obligatory in Kazakhstan but is increasingly common in tourist areas, restaurants, and service industries. In mid-range and upscale restaurants, a 10% service charge may be included in the bill; if not, rounding up the bill or leaving 5-10% is appreciated. In cafés and casual eateries, tipping is not expected, but leaving small change is a kind gesture. Taxi drivers do not typically expect tips, though rounding up the fare is common. Hotel staff, such as porters and housekeeping, appreciate small tips for good service. In guided tours, tipping the guide and driver (around KZT 1,000–3,000 per day) is a courteous way to show appreciation.

Best Time To Visit:

Kazakhstan has a continental climate, meaning hot summers, freezing winters, and large temperature variations between day and night. The country experiences four distinct seasons, each offering a unique travel experience.

Spring (March – May)
Spring in Kazakhstan is short but pleasant, with gradually warming temperatures and blooming landscapes. March is still chilly, especially in the north, while by May, temperatures range from 10°C to 25°C (50°F to 77°F). Rainfall increases in April and May, particularly in the south.

Summer (June – August)
Summers are hot and dry, especially in the steppe and desert regions. The southern and western parts of the country can experience intense heat, with temperatures occasionally reaching 40°C (104°F). However, mountain areas remain cooler and more pleasant. Rainfall is rare during this time.

Autumn (September – November)
Autumn is mild and colourful, making it one of the best seasons to visit Kazakhstan. September is still warm, with temperatures between 15°C and 25°C (59°F to 77°F), but by late October, temperatures drop significantly, and snowfall may begin in the north.

Winter (December – February)
Winters in Kazakhstan are long, harsh, and extremely cold, especially in Astana (Nur-Sultan) and northern regions. Wind chills can make temperatures feel even lower, and in extreme cases, they can drop below -40°C (-40°F). The southern regions, including Almaty, experience milder but still cold winters.

May to September are ideal for sightseeing and outdoor activities; however, beware of high temperatures in the south.

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Required Clothing

Kazakhstan's vast size and extreme continental climate mean that the right clothing depends heavily on the season and region. In summer (June – August), lightweight, breathable clothing is recommended, but visitors should also pack a light jacket for cooler evenings, especially in mountainous areas. Spring (March – May) and autumn (September – November) can be unpredictable, so layering is key—bringing a mix of warm and cool clothing, including a waterproof jacket, is advisable. Winters (December – February) can be brutally cold, particularly in the north, so heavy winter coats, insulated boots, gloves, hats, and thermal layers are essential.

If visiting the mountains in any season, extra warm layers and sturdy footwear are recommended. In rural or religious areas, dressing modestly—covering shoulders and knees—is respectful, though urban centres like Almaty and Astana (Nur-Sultan) are more relaxed in dress codes. Regardless of the season, comfortable walking shoes are a must, especially for exploring Kazakhstan's vast landscapes and historical sites.

Dialing Code:

+7

Area(sq km):

2,699,700

Population:

20.33 million

Population Density(per sq km):

7.4

Population Year:

2023

EU Member:

No

Main emergency number

103