Pakistan Travel Guide

Overview

Capital:

Islamabad.

Geography:

Pakistan is strategically located in South Asia, sharing borders with four countries. To the east lies India, with a 3,323 km (2,065-mile) border marked by the Wagah crossing and the contentious Line of Control in Kashmir. The Durand Line separates Pakistan from Afghanistan to the northwest, spanning 2,670 km (1,659 miles). To the west, a 959 km (596-mile) border connects Pakistan with Iran, while to the northeast, the Khunjerab Pass links the country to China along a 438 km (272-mile) frontier. This unique geographic position makes Pakistan a crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, offering travellers access to an incredible diversity of landscapes and cultures.

The northern region of Pakistan is home to some of the world's tallest peaks, including K2 (the second-highest mountain on Earth) in the Karakoram Range, and vast plateaus, such as the rugged Balochistan Plateau. The north is also renowned for lush valleys like Hunza, Swat, and Kaghan, as well as high-altitude lakes, glaciers, and breathtaking trekking routes.

Central Pakistan is dominated by the fertile plains of the Indus River, often referred to as the lifeline of the country. This area, including Punjab and Sindh, is a cultural and agricultural heartland dotted with ancient cities like Multan, Lahore, and Mohenjo-Daro. Travellers can explore vast green fields, bustling towns, and iconic heritage sites that tell the story of Pakistan’s history and civilisation.

To the south, Pakistan's coastline stretches along the Arabian Sea, offering pristine beaches in Karachi and the more remote Gwadar. The southwestern region is also home to the Thar Desert, a dramatic expanse of sand dunes and arid beauty, where visitors can experience traditional desert lifestyles. Together, the coastline and deserts showcase the contrasts and unique ecosystems that make Pakistan’s geography so compelling.

Getting There

Getting There By Air

Pakistan has several major international airports that serve as gateways to the country. The key ones include:
• Jinnah International Airport (KHI) in Karachi.
• Islamabad International Airport (ISB) in Islamabad.
• Allama Iqbal International Airport (LHE) in Lahore
• Peshawar Bacha Khan International Airport (PEW) in Peshawar.

Pakistan's national air carrier is Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), which operates both domestic and international flights, connecting major cities within Pakistan and offering routes to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia.

Other airlines that fly to Pakistan include British Airways, Emirates, Etihad, Qatar Airways, Saudia, SriLankan Airlines, and Turkish Airlines.

Departure Tax

The departure tax for international flights varies based on the travel class and destination. It is typically included in the price of your airline ticket, so passengers often do not need to pay it separately at the airport.

Flight Times

From London - 7 hours 45 minutes.

Getting There By Road

You can drive to Pakistan from neighbouring countries, but the feasibility depends on your route, visa arrangements, and security conditions.

The Wagah Border (Attari-Wagah Crossing) is the primary land crossing between India and Pakistan, linking Amritsar, India, with Lahore, Pakistan.

The Khunjerab Pass (Karakoram Highway) connects Pakistan with China's Kashgar in Xinjiang. This high-altitude border crossing is open seasonally, typically from April to November, as it remains closed during winter.

Pakistan shares two major border crossings with Afghanistan: the Torkham and Chaman borders. However, security concerns and restrictions may affect travel through these routes.

The Taftan Border (Mirjaveh Crossing) is the only crossing point between Pakistan and Iran. Due to the remote and often insecure conditions in Balochistan, safety escorts are strongly recommended for travellers driving through this region.

Visitors should always check the latest travel advisories for these areas. Additionally, ensure that your visas, permits, and vehicle insurance are valid and meet the requirements for cross-border travel. For those driving their own vehicle into Pakistan, a Carnet de Passage (a customs document for temporary vehicle import) is mandatory.

Getting Around

Getting Around By Air

Pakistan's vast size and varied terrain make air travel more efficient than long road or rail journeys.

Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) is the largest domestic carrier. Other airlines, such as AirSial, Airblue, and SereneAir, also provide domestic services, ensuring healthy competition and more options for travellers.

The most popular domestic air travel route in Pakistan is Karachi to Islamabad. The flight takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours. Other popular routes include Lahore to Karachi, Islamabad to Lahore, and flights to northern destinations like Skardu, Gilgit, and Chitral, which are favoured by tourists seeking access to the mountainous regions.

Bike

Pakistan's scenic regions, such as Gilgit-Baltistan, the Hunza Valley, and the Karakoram Highway, offer stunning routes with breathtaking views. These areas attract touring cyclists from around the world, though the terrain can be demanding, with steep climbs and high altitudes.

However, urban cycling can be challenging due to heavy traffic, limited bike lanes, and unpredictable road conditions.

Car Hire

International car hire brands such as Hertz and Avis operate alongside well-established local companies in all major cities. Most car rental services offer a range of vehicles, from budget options to SUVs suitable for mountainous terrain. Visitors often choose to hire a car with a driver rather than driving themselves.

Coach

Daewoo Express, Faisal Movers, and Skyways are the leading coach companies that run routes between major cities. They provide air-conditioned buses with reclining seats, onboard entertainment, and refreshments. Road conditions and travel times can vary, but buses generally adhere to schedules. Advance booking is recommended, especially for long-distance routes or during peak seasons.

Documentation

Foreign drivers need an International Driving Permit (IDP) alongside their valid home country driver's licence, vehicle registration papers, proof of insurance, and passport.

Getting Around By Rail

Rail travel in Pakistan is a popular and affordable way to explore the country, especially for long-distance routes. The Pakistan Railways network connects major cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, and Quetta, as well as smaller towns and rural areas. Trains range from basic economy class to more comfortable air-conditioned coaches and sleeper cabins, catering to different budgets and preferences.

The Khyber Mail and Karachi Express are two of Pakistan's most iconic train services. The Khyber Mail operates between Karachi and Peshawar, covering a vast distance across the country and passing through major cities like Lahore and Rawalpindi. It is known for its comfortable seating options, including air-conditioned coaches and sleeper cabins, making it a popular choice for long-distance travel. The Karachi Express, on the other hand, links Karachi with Lahore, providing a faster and more direct route for travellers between these two bustling cities.

Regulations

Speed limits in Pakistan vary depending on the type of road: 50–60 km/h (31–37 mph) in urban areas, 80–100 km/h (50–62 mph) on highways, and 120 km/h (75 mph) on motorways.

Wearing seat belts is mandatory for drivers and front-seat passengers, and there is a strict zero-tolerance policy for alcohol while driving. Local driving etiquette can be unpredictable, with larger vehicles often assuming the right of way.

Getting Around By Road

Travelling by road allows visitors to experience Pakistan's natural beauty and vibrant local culture firsthand. However, driving distances can be long, and traffic in urban areas can be challenging.

Drivers should remain vigilant for unmarked speed bumps, stray animals, and unpredictable local traffic. Night driving is not recommended due to poor visibility and unlit roads. Security checkpoints are common, especially in sensitive areas, so keeping identification and travel permits handy is essential.

Road Quality

The quality of roads in Pakistan varies significantly. The motorways and highways, such as the M2 (Lahore to Islamabad) and the Karakoram Highway, are generally well-maintained and provide smooth travel. In contrast, rural and mountainous roads can be narrow, uneven, and prone to landslides, particularly during the monsoon season. Travellers heading to remote areas should prepare for rough conditions and ensure their vehicle is suitable for such terrain.

Side Of Road

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Taxi

Traditional taxis are usually yellow or white in colour, though older black-and-yellow taxis can still be seen in some cities. While taxis are widely available, they rarely run on meters, so fares should be negotiated upfront to avoid disputes.

Tipping taxi drivers is not expected, but rounding up the fare or giving an extra 50–100 PKR is appreciated.

Ride-hailing apps like Careem and Uber have become increasingly popular in cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad, offering clear pricing, vehicle tracking, and multiple payment options.

Urban Travel

Urban travel in Pakistan's major cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, and Rawalpindi relies on a mix of public and private transport options. Mini-buses and shared vans, commonly known as wagons, are a popular and affordable mode of transportation in urban areas. However, they can be overcrowded and may not follow fixed schedules.

Auto-rickshaws and motorbike taxis are common for short-distance travel, offering quick and flexible options. For intercity commutes within metropolitan areas like Islamabad and Rawalpindi, the Metro Bus Service offers a dedicated and well-organised bus network. Karachi also relies heavily on buses and private vans, though the quality of services can vary widely.

Traditional taxis can be flagged down on the street or hired at taxi stands, but they rarely run on meters. Ride-hailing apps like Careem and Uber are becoming very popular, especially among visitors.

Lahore is the only city with a metro train system, known as the Orange Line Metro Train. It is fully operational and provides a reliable and efficient way to navigate the city.

Travel Advice

Areas where FCDO advises against travel

Pakistan-Afghanistan border

FCDO advises against all travel to within 10 miles of the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province

FCDO advises against all travel to these areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province: 

• Bajaur 
• Bannu 
• Buner 
• Chārsadda
• Dera Ismail Khan 
• Khyber 
• Kohat 
• Kurram 
• Lakki Marwat 
• Lower Dir 
• Mohmand 
• Orakzai 
• Peshawar, including the city of Peshawar 
• Swat 
• Tank 
• North Waziristan
• Upper South Waziristan 
• Lower South Waziristan  
• the Karakoram Highway between Mansehra and Chilas via Battagram, Besham City, Dasu and Sazin up to the junction with the N15  
• the N45 Highway, from the north of the Mardan ring road, to the edge of Chitral City, including Kalash valley

Balochistan Province

FCDO advises against all travel to Balochistan Province, except the southern coast of Balochistan. 

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the coast of Balochistan, namely: 

• the area south of (and including) the N10 motorway  
• the section of the N25 from the N10/N25 intersection to the Balochistan-Sindh border, including the port city of Gwadar

Pakistan-administered Kashmir 

FCDO advises against all travel to within 10 miles of the Line of Control.

Sindh Province  

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to all areas of Sindh Province north of and including the city of Nawabshah.

Find out more about why FCDO advises against travel to these regions.

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to: 

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance 

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency. 

About FCDO travel advice

FCDO provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

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This information is for people travelling on a full 'British citizen' passport from the UK. It is based on the UK government's understanding of Pakistan's current rules for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in Pakistan set and enforce entry rules. If you're not sure how these requirements apply to you, contact the Pakistan High Commission in London or nearest Pakistani consulate.

Passport validity requirements 

To enter Pakistan, your passport must have an 'expiry date' at least 6 months after the date of your visa application.

Check with your travel provider that your passport and other travel documents meet requirements. Renew your passport if you need to.  

You will be denied entry if you do not have a valid travel document or try to use a passport that has been reported lost or stolen.

Leaving Pakistan will be difficult if you do not have an entry stamp. If your passport was not stamped on entry, contact the Ministry of Interior or visit a National Database and Registration Office (NDRA) office.

Illegal entry to Pakistan is a serious offence. If you enter without the correct documentation you may be detained or deported. If you enter Pakistan illegally, you may not be able to travel onward from Pakistan.

Visa requirements 

You need a visa to visit Pakistan and you must apply in advance.

Applying for a visa

See information on visa categories and how to apply.

Visas for journalists often have extra travel restrictions. Follow the terms of your visa, or you could be fined or detained. 

You can also apply for visa extensions.

Returning to the UK 

You must have an unexpired visa, a Pakistani national identity card or a Pakistani passport to leave Pakistan. 

If your visa has expired, apply online for an exit permit from within Pakistan before attempting to travel.

If you do not have evidence of Pakistani nationality and you entered without a visa, contact the Ministry of Interior or visit a NADRA office.

Citizens of Pakistan overseas 

The National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis (NICOP) or Smart National Identity Card Overseas Pakistanis (SNICOP), are issued to citizens of Pakistan who are not resident in Pakistan. If you hold either, you will be recognised as a citizen of Pakistan. You can enter Pakistan without a visa and stay for an unlimited period. See how to apply for Pakistani identity cards.

Travelling with children 

If you're travelling with a child as a single parent or are not the child's parent, you may need to provide documentary evidence of parental responsibility before leaving Pakistan. This is particularly likely if the child is of Pakistani origin. 

Crossing land borders

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) advises against travel to most of the Pakistan-Afghanistan and Pakistan-Iran border areas. FCDO advises against all travel to Afghanistan and Iran.  

Pakistan-Afghanistan border 

All borders with Afghanistan can close at short notice. There has been overcrowding and violence at open border crossings. 

If entering Pakistan via the Torkham border crossing with Afghanistan you will need a valid Pakistan visa.

Vaccine requirements  

To enter Pakistan, you must have certificates to prove you've had:  

• a yellow fever vaccination if you're coming from a country listed as a transmission risk
• a polio vaccine, in some circumstances

For full details about medical entry requirements and recommended vaccinations, see TravelHealthPro's Pakistan guide.  

Health screening

Mpox 

In response to the recent international mpox outbreaks, travellers may experience enhanced screening and preventive measures, including testing, on entry to Pakistan.

Read more about mpox on TravelHealthPro.  

Customs rules 

There are strict rules about goods that you can take into and out of Pakistan. You must declare anything that may be prohibited or subject to tax or duty. 

Alcohol and pork 

Importing alcohol or pork products is illegal. You could be detained if you try to import them. 

You should also read FCDO's overall travel advice and regional risks advice.

Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.  

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe abroad and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad. 

Terrorism in Pakistan

There is a high threat of terrorism and sectarian violence throughout Pakistan.

Read our advice on regional risks in Pakistan for information about areas where we advise against travel.

Terrorist groups operating in Pakistan include: 

• Tehreek-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 
• Tehreek-e Jihad Pakistan (TJP)  
• Balochistan separatists 
• Islamic Sate Khorasan Province (ISKP)  
• al-Qa'ida 

Terrorist groups mainly target Government of Pakistan security forces. Areas of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, including Peshawar, suffer regular terrorist attacks. Attacks have also taken place in Karachi and other major cities.

While terrorist attacks are mainly directed against the Pakistani state, attacks could be indiscriminate and occur without warning, including in places visited by foreign nationals, such as:

• Pakistani government buildings and infrastructure
• security, judicial and police force locations
• places of worship, including churches and religious sites
• hotels, restaurants and shopping areas
• schools and educational institutions
• popular tourist sites or hiking trails

Be cautious about attending any public event, including:

• processions, protests, demonstrations and rallies
• religious gatherings
• sports and live music events

Public transport and transport hubs, including airports, are at risk of attack. Avoid using the railway network due to the risk of terrorist attacks.

Take particular care during periods of national or religious significance, including the month of Ramadan, and during election periods. When travelling, always:

• keep a low profile
• minimise your exposure to areas and events that pose a higher risk
• vary your routes and timings if you make regular journeys
• limit movements on Friday afternoons
• be prepared to change your plans as necessary

Examples of recent attacks include:

• in November 2024, a suicide attack by Baloch separatists at Quetta railway station killed at least 26 people.
• in 2023, TTP militants attacked a police station in Karachi killing police officers
• in 2022, 4 people were killed in a suicide bomb at the University of Karachi targeting Chinese nationals
• public service and health officials have been attacked while working on health programmes

Terrorist kidnap 

There is a threat of kidnap throughout Pakistan, particularly within the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan provinces. Terrorist groups are unlikely to prioritise the kidnap of westerners in Pakistan. Any kidnap of a foreign national by terrorist groups in Pakistan would likely be opportunistic.

British nationals are seen as legitimate targets, including tourists, humanitarian aid workers, journalists and business travellers. If you are kidnapped, the reason for your presence is unlikely to protect you or secure your safe release.  

The long-standing policy of the British government policy is not to make substantive concessions to hostage takers. The British government considers that paying ransoms and releasing prisoners builds the capability of terrorist groups and finances their activities. This can, in turn, increase the risk of further hostage-taking. The Terrorism Act (2000) makes payments to terrorists illegal.

Political situation

Political rallies, protests and demonstrations may take place across the country and can start with little warning. Most are peaceful, but they can turn violent quickly and lead to clashes with law enforcement. During elections, terrorists have targeted security forces, political events, rallies, government buildings and polling stations.

You should:

• avoid all political demonstrations, large crowds of people and public events  
• be prepared to change your plans as necessary 
• keep track of the local news 

During times of protest or civil unrest, mobile data coverage and internet connectivity may be cut without warning. Additionally, major road networks in and around cities may be shut or blocked. You should have alternative travel options such as different routes for any journeys you plan.

Crime 

Protecting yourself and your belongings

Street crime is a risk, particularly in crowded areas. Take sensible measures to guard your possessions and reduce your personal risk. Be cautious when moving around urban areas at night, especially when on foot.

There is an active black market in forged and stolen passports. Credit card fraud is common. Beware of scams.

Criminal kidnap

British nationals of Pakistani origin have been targeted by criminals, including kidnappers, as they are often perceived as being wealthier than locals.

Laws and cultural differences  

Pakistan is a Muslim country. Respect the local traditions, customs and laws. Make sure your actions do not cause offence. 

Standards of public behaviour differ between the UK and Pakistan. Behaviour that might be acceptable in the UK can cause offence in Pakistan. Being considerate of others is important in Pakistani culture. Loud or rowdy behaviour in public is likely to attract a negative response.

Personal ID 

Always carry photo ID.  You may be asked to show it.

Ramadan  

Ramadan, also called Ramazan in Pakistan, is a holy month for Muslims. The dates vary by year and country. In 2025, Ramadan is expected to start around the end of February and finish around the end of March. During this time, do not: 

• eat, drink, smoke or chew gum in public in the daytime, including in your car  
• play loud music or dance  
• swear in public  

Get more advice when you arrive from your tour guide, hotel or business contacts.  

You should also:  

• check opening hours of shops and restaurants  
• be aware that if hotels and restaurants are providing food or drink in fasting hours, they may separate you from Islamic guests, for example with screens  
• follow local dress codes – clothing that does not meet local dress codes may cause more offence at this time  
• be aware that fasting can cause tiredness  
• be aware that driving may be unpredictable, particularly when people are trying to get home at dusk  
• be patient and show tolerance 

Dress code

Dress modestly. Men and women should cover their shoulders and legs in public. Women should cover their heads when entering mosques and holy places, and in rural areas. 

Blasphemy 

Insulting or showing disrespect or contempt of religion, religious beliefs or anything considered sacred (blasphemy) is illegal. Blasphemy has a broad definition in Pakistani law. It includes public and private comments in any form, including on social media.

There are significant criminal penalties, including the death penalty. Those accused of blasphemy are at significant risk of violence from the public. Both Muslims and religious minorities have been victims of blasphemy accusations and violence, including killings.  

Be sensitive to religious beliefs and behave appropriately.  

Death penalty 

The death penalty can be imposed for individuals convicted for crimes including blasphemy, murder and rape.

Alcohol laws and bans 

Drinking alcohol is illegal for Muslims. Non-Muslims are allowed to drink in Pakistan, but you must get a licence from the authorities. It is also illegal for non-Muslims to supply alcohol to Muslims. Public drinking and drunkenness are illegal and can lead to detention. 

Illegal drugs and penalties

You can get a prison sentence for possession of even small quantities of illegal drugs. British nationals have been arrested on drug trafficking charges and have been detained for long periods while their case is in the Pakistan legal system.

Taking photos in secure areas

Do not take photos at military establishments, airports or any infrastructure (including bridges and dams) or from aircraft. British nationals have been arrested on suspicion of 'spying'. Check with officials if you're not sure whether you can take a photo. 

You should not take photos of people without seeking prior permission.

LGBT+ travellers 

Same-sex sexual activity between men is illegal. There are occasional arrests, and there are negative attitudes to same-sex relationships throughout Pakistan. See more details from the Human Dignity Trust about the current application of the law.

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Relationships 

It is illegal for unmarried couples to live together. 

Transport risks  

Planning secure travel around Pakistan

Pakistan authorities advise all foreign nationals (including diplomats) not to move out of their place of residence without proper security and co-ordination with the law enforcement agency. This is not rigorously enforced, but consider telling local authorities about any travel plans. There are a number of prohibited areas across the country. Officials could stop you and ask you to turn back.

When travelling in Pakistan be aware of the risks, including carjacking. You or your travel company should contact the local authorities of your destination in advance to check the local security situation. They may arrange police protection. They will also tell you if you need a No Objection Certificate from the Pakistani Ministry of Interior.

Take safety precautions, keep a low profile and choose your accommodation carefully.

Road travel 

If you are planning to drive in Pakistan, see information on driving abroad.

You'll need to have both the 1968 version of the international driving permit (IDP) and your UK driving licence with you in the car. You cannot buy an IDP outside the UK, so get one before you travel.

Road conditions

Outside of the major motorways, the quality of roads is variable. Road conditions can be poor. Local driving standards are erratic, especially at night. Take care on long road journeys and when travelling cross-country. 

The north of Pakistan is mountainous. Many roads, including the N15 highway between Chilas and Babusar in Gilgit Baltistan, are inaccessible at some times of the year due to extreme weather conditions. Many roads in these remote areas are of very poor quality with uneven surfaces. Landslides frequently block or destroy roads. Use experienced local drivers when travelling these routes and only in clear weather conditions.

Public transport

Due to the level of crime, avoid using public transport, including the Metro Bus between Rawalpindi and Islamabad.

Taxis 

Avoid using street or e-taxis. Only use taxis from reputable, licensed companies where you call for a taxi and the operator contacts a taxi driver. 

Air travel 

The UK Air Safety List (ASL) lists all known airlines in Pakistan that do not meet international safety standards and are banned from operating commercial air services to, from, and within the UK. Check the UK Air Safety List when considering which airlines to fly with. The list is maintained by the Department for Transport, based on advice from the UK Civil Aviation Authority.

Flights to and from the mountainous areas in the north of Pakistan are frequently delayed or cancelled due to extreme weather.  

Rail travel 

Avoid using the railway network due to the risk of terrorist attacks and derailments. 

Sea travel 

The threat from piracy within Pakistan's territorial waters is low. There is a significant threat of piracy in the Gulf of Aden and other parts of the Indian Ocean. Mariners should follow shipping industry guidelines on precautions to take.

Extreme weather and natural disasters 

Monitor local and international weather updates from the Pakistan Meteorological Department and see weather advisories from the National Disaster Management Authority.

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards.

Monsoon 

The monsoon season in Pakistan is from late June to early October. Heavy rains can cause severe flooding, particularly in Sindh and Punjab provinces. 

Landslides 

Check local forecasts from the Pakistan Meteorological Department and be aware of the risk of landslides and road blockages, particularly in hilly and mountainous regions. Take extreme care crossing swollen rivers. 

Flooding  

Pakistan can experience  flooding and landslides during monsoon season. Roads and bridges have been damaged or destroyed, affecting travel in many parts of the country. More information is available from the National Disaster Management Authority.

Earthquakes 

Earth tremors are common. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency has advice on what to do before, during and after an earthquake.

This section has safety advice for regions of Pakistan. It only covers regions where The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) has specific advice.

You should also read FCDO's overall travel advice and safety and security advice.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province

FCDO advises against all travel to these districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province:

• Bajaur
• Bannu
• Buner
• Chārsadda
• Dera Ismail Khan
• Khyber
• Kohat
• Kurram
• Lakki Marwat
• Lower Dir
• Mohmand
• Orakzai
• Peshawar, including the city of Peshawar
• Swat
• Tank
• North Waziristan
• Upper South Waziristan
• Lower South Waziristan

FCDO advises against all travel to much of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. There is frequent militant violence in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Local authorities may impose curfews at short notice and there is frequent military activity. There can be cross-border attacks in the surrounding areas of Arandu to the south and west of Chitral.

N45 Highway between Mardan and Chitral

FCDO advises against all travel on the N45 Highway, from the north of the Mardan ring road, to the edge of the city of Chitral because of terrorism incidents.

Balochistan Province

FCDO advises against all travel to Balochistan Province, except the coast of Balochistan.

The situation at the Pakistan-Iran border can be extremely tense. In January 2024 both Iran and Pakistan conducted missile and drone strikes targeting militant groups on either side of their border.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the southern coast of Balochistan, namely:

• the area south of (and including) the N10 motorway
• the section of the N25 from the N10/N25 intersection to the Balochistan-Sindh border, including the port city of Gwadar

There is a high risk from kidnapping and militant activity in much of Balochistan. If you plan to visit the southern coast of Balochistan, get permission from the authorities and have security arrangements in place.

Pakistan-administered Kashmir

FCDO advises against all travel to within 10 miles of the India-Pakistan border area within Pakistan-administered Kashmir, known as the Line of Control.

There is regular military activity on the Line of Control. Although there is a ceasefire in place, there are significant tensions between India and Pakistan. There is a serious risk of small arms fire and occasional mortar fire.

Make sure you have the necessary permissions to travel. Check the latest requirements before you travel as they can change.

Sindh Province

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to all areas of Sindh Province north of and including the city of Nawabshah.

There are high levels of lawlessness in the north of Sindh Province. There is a very high risk of crime and kidnapping. Criminal gangs and bandits with access to heavy weaponry are active in the area. In 2022, a large criminal gang attacked police in Ghotki, northern Sindh, killing several officers and taking other officers hostage.

Gilgit-Baltistan region

Flight schedules to Gilgit and Skardu Airports in the north of Pakistan may be unreliable and may change at short notice. Check with your airline or travel agent.

Road routes are also likely to be restricted by seasonal weather, with the Babusar Pass liable to close due to snowfall.

The terrain in Gilgit-Baltistan is mountainous, with remote and isolated locations that are difficult to police. You are strongly advised to get local security advice and make appropriate personal security arrangements before you visit.

All foreign nationals must register with the local authorities when visiting Gilgit-Baltistan. You might need a permit for mountaineering or trekking, particularly for mountains over 6,000 metres. The permission process can take up to 2 months and is best organised through a travel company. The validity of your travel insurance policy may be affected if you do not have the correct permits.

Use reputable trekking agencies, stay on established routes, and always walk in groups. Do not trek alone. If you're travelling near the border with China read the information on 'Border areas' on this page.

Karakoram Highway (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan)

The Karakoram Highway runs from Hasan Abdal in north Punjab towards Gilgit and the Chinese border. FCDO advises against all travel on the Highway between Mansehra and Chilas via Battagram, Besham City, Dasu and Sazin up to the junction with the N15.

Avoid travelling on the Highway at night, as the road can be narrow with steep drops. All sections of the Highway north of Battagram up to the Chinese border have experienced landslides.

Islamabad

Police and security agencies have a significant presence in Islamabad. Exercise caution in the outlying districts, such as I-8, I-9, I-10 and areas further west, where security forces have led operations against suspected criminals and terrorists.

Avoid all protests. Crowded areas such as the Red Mosque (Lal Masjid) and Aabpara Market in G-6 have been a focal point for protests.

Karachi

Levels of violence can vary but there has been a recent increase in armed robbery. The safety of daily activity can be unpredictable. Criminal and political violence is common, including armed carjacking, robbery, kidnap and murder. Strikes called by religious and political parties can cause significant disruption and sometimes lead to violent civil unrest. Smaller-scale labour strikes are also common and cause regular disruptions locally.

There is a risk of violence in parts of the city which include government offices. Major hotels and the financial district are generally seen as more stable, though there remains a risk of violence, particularly after Friday prayers. See the Terrorism section for more information on terror threats.

You should:

• plan any travel in the city carefully
• take advice from hosts or trusted contacts, follow instructions from law enforcement officers and be prepared to cancel or cut back your plans
• be especially vigilant in Lyari, Malir, Quaidabad and Orangi Town – they have a greater risk of violence based on past activity

Lahore

Lahore is the capital of Punjab and attracts large numbers of tourists and business travellers. While the city has a widespread police presence, there have been recent terrorist attacks. These have targeted public places and government or security forces. Avoid religious events or gatherings, public events and large crowds of people.

Punjab

If you travel to southern Punjab take advice about the local security situation in advance. There is a high level of crime and public order incidents.

Border areas

Except for official border crossing points, foreign nationals are not allowed to travel within certain distances of Pakistan's international borders. This includes travel to within:

• 5 miles of Pakistan's border with India and within 10 miles of the Line of Control
• 10 miles of the border with China
• 10 miles of the border with Afghanistan

If you travel to these areas you may be arrested and detained.

The situation for border crossings between Afghanistan and Pakistan may change rapidly due to the security situation in Afghanistan. See Afghanistan travel advice.

Before you travel check that: 

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need 
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation 

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number 

Dial 1122 and ask for an ambulance. 

Contact your insurance company quickly if you're referred to a medical facility for treatment. 

Vaccine recommendations and health risks 

At least 8 weeks before your trip: 

• check the latest vaccinations and health risks in TravelHealthPro's Pakistan guide 
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page 

Polio vaccination programme 

Pakistan is rolling out a widespread polio vaccination programme in an effort to eradicate polio. You should provide proof of polio vaccination if asked by a vaccination team. Any exemption due to a medical condition needs to be supported by a medical certificate issued by recognised health authority.

Altitude sickness 

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Pakistan, including Gilgit-Baltistan. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro.

Bottled water 

Take care when buying bottled water and follow advice on TravelHealthPro.

Air Pollution 

Air pollution is a health hazard in Pakistan, especially during the winter months from October to February. Punjab is one of the worst affected regions, particularly Lahore.

Read about the risks of poor outdoor air quality on TravelHealthPro.

Medication 

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries. 

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro. 

Medical supplies may be difficult to find in Pakistan due to restrictions on imported goods.   

Healthcare in Pakistan 

FCDO has a list of medical providers in Pakistan where some staff will speak English. 

The standard of local medical facilities is lower than in the UK, especially in remote areas. Private medical care is expensive but available in all major cities. Specialised treatment for psychiatric illnesses may not be available outside major cities.  

Travel and mental health 

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro. 

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) cannot provide tailored advice for individual trips. Read this travel advice and carry out your own research before deciding whether to travel. 

Emergency services in Pakistan  

Telephone: 1122 (ambulance, fire) 

Police: 15 

Dual nationals   

If you or your parents were born in Pakistan, you might be considered a Pakistani national by the local authorities even if you do not hold a Pakistani passport.

If you are a dual British-Pakistani national living or travelling in Pakistan, the FCDO will not normally support you or get involved in dealings between you and the Pakistani authorities. Read more about who the FCDO can support abroad.

Contact your travel provider and insurer 

Contact your travel provider and your insurer if you are involved in a serious incident or emergency abroad. They will tell you if they can help and what you need to do. 

Refunds and changes to travel 

For refunds or changes to travel, contact your travel provider. You may also be able to make a claim through insurance. However, insurers usually require you to talk to your travel provider first. 

Find out more about changing or cancelling travel plans, including: 

• where to get advice if you are in a dispute with a provider 
• how to access previous versions of travel advice to support a claim 

Support from FCDO 

FCDO has guidance on staying safe and what to do if you need help or support abroad, including: 

• finding English-speaking lawyers, funeral directors, and translators and interpreters in Pakistan 
• dealing with a death in Pakistan 
• being arrested in Pakistan 
• getting help if you're a victim of crime  
• what to do if you're in hospital 
• if you're affected by a crisis, such as a terrorist attack 

Contacting FCDO 

Help abroad  

See how to get help from the UK government abroad including in an emergency. 

Help in the UK  

You can call FCDO in London if you need urgent help because something has happened to a friend or relative abroad.  

Telephone: 020 7008 5000 (24 hours)  

Find out about call charges

Get travel advice updates  

Sign up to get email notifications when this travel advice is updated.  

Follow and contact FCDO: 

• travel advice on X

• travel advice on Facebook

Risk information for British companies  

The Overseas Business Risk service offers information and advice for British companies operating in Pakistan on how to manage political, economic, and business security-related risks.

Vaccinations

Title	Special Precautions
Hepatitis A	Yes
Diphtheria	Yes
Malaria	Yes
Rabies	Sometimes
Tetanus	Yes
Typhoid	Yes
Yellow Fever	No*

Overview:

Healthcare in Pakistan varies widely in quality, accessibility, and infrastructure, depending on the location. Major cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad have private hospitals and clinics that offer reasonable healthcare services, often catering to expatriates and tourists. These facilities may provide competent care for routine medical needs or minor emergencies, but they can be expensive, and upfront payment is often required.

In rural or remote areas, healthcare facilities are often limited with few specialists available. Emergency medical services may also be delayed in these regions, so travellers should plan accordingly, particularly if venturing into mountainous or less accessible parts of the country.

Tourists are strongly advised to purchase comprehensive travel insurance that covers medical evacuation, as serious illnesses or injuries may require transportation to a major city or even out of the country.

Vaccinations Note:

* A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required if travelling from countries where yellow fever is a risk or have spent more than 12 hours transiting through an airport in such countries.

Food Drink:

In Pakistan, tap water is not considered safe for drinking, especially for tourists unaccustomed to local waterborne bacteria and contaminants. Buy reputable brands of bottled water or carry a portable water purifier or water purification tablets during your trip.

Avoid raw salads unless you are confident about the water used to wash them. Stick to packaged dairy products and avoid unpasteurised milk. Yoghurt (dahi) is a staple and generally safe when freshly made, but always confirm its source to ensure it has been prepared hygienically.

Other Risks:

Visitors exploring Pakistan's high-altitude regions, such as the Karakoram Range, Hunza Valley, or Skardu, should be aware of the risk of altitude sickness. This condition can occur when ascending above 2,500 metres (8,200 feet), with symptoms like headaches, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. To prevent it, acclimatise gradually by ascending slowly, staying hydrated, and avoiding alcohol. If symptoms worsen, descend immediately and seek medical attention. Travellers venturing into higher altitudes, such as the Khunjerab Pass, should plan carefully and consider carrying medication like acetazolamide for prevention.

Currency Information:

The Pakistani Rupee (PKR; symbol Rs) banknotes are in denominations of Rs5,000, 1,000, 500, 100, 50, 20 and 10. Coins are in denominations of Rs10, 5, 2 and 1.

Credit Cards:

Credit cards are accepted in Pakistan, but their usage is not as widespread as in many other countries. Digital payment options are primarily concentrated in large urban centres, while cash remains essential for day-to-day transactions.

ATMs:

ATMs are widely available in major cities like Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, and other urban centres across Pakistan. They are operated by most major banks and generally accept international cards, particularly those on the Visa and Mastercard networks.

Banking Hours:

Mon-Fri 09:00 to 17:00. Some may have shorter hours on Saturdays.

Currency Restrictions:

Importing foreign currency: Visitors entering Pakistan are allowed to carry unlimited foreign currency, but amounts exceeding USD 10,000 (or its equivalent) must be declared to customs upon arrival.

Exporting foreign currency: When leaving Pakistan, travellers can take out a maximum of USD 10,000 (or its equivalent in other foreign currencies).

Exporting local currency: Residents and visitors are restricted to carrying a maximum of PRK 10,000 out of the country.

Currency Exchange:

Reputable currency exchange companies are concentrated in cities, so plan ahead if you are visiting remote areas.

The most widely accepted foreign currency in Pakistan is the US Dollar (USD). Many hotels, larger shops, and travel agencies in major cities may accept USD, but it's always best to carry Pakistani Rupees (PKR) for day-to-day transactions. Other currencies, like the Euro (EUR) and British Pound (GBP), are also commonly exchanged at banks and currency exchange offices.

Currencies

Code	Symbol
PKR	₨

Exchange Rates

53.95

109.59

129.81

105.25

Language

Urdu is the national language and a symbol of unity across the diverse regions of Pakistan. English is the co-official language, primarily used in official documents, legal proceedings, business, and higher education.

Overview:

Public holidays are listed here.

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List Of Public Holidays

Title	Start Date	To Be Confirmed
Pakistan Day	2025-03-23 00:00:00	0
Eid al-Fitr (End of Ramadan)	2025-03-31 00:00:00	0
Eid al-Adha (Feast of Sacrifice)	2025-06-07 00:00:00	0
Ashura	2025-07-06 00:00:00	0
Independence Day	2025-08-14 00:00:00	0
Milad un Nabi (Birth of the Prophet Muhammad)	2025-09-05 00:00:00	0
Allama Muhammad Iqbal Day	2025-11-09 00:00:00	0
Quaid-e-Azam's Birthday	2025-12-25 00:00:00	0

Note:

(a) Muslim festivals are timed according to local sightings of various phases of the moon and the dates given below are approximations. During the lunar month of Ramadan that precedes Eid al-Fitr, Muslims fast during the day and feast at night and normal business patterns may be interrupted. Some disruption may continue into Eid al-Fitr itself. Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha may last up to several days, depending on the region.

(b) Christian holidays are observed by Christians only.

Overview:

The following items may be imported into Pakistan by tourists over the age of 18 without incurring customs duty:
• 200 cigarettes or 50 cigars.
• Personal Items: personal clothing and accessories; toiletries and used electric razors, medals, trophies and prizes bestowed to travellers, an iron and a hair dryer; a mobile phone, a wristwatch, a camera and a video camera, a laptop computer and accessories, a buggy, toys, and a wheelchair.

Additional duty-free allowance (on the first visit in a year after a stay abroad for more than 7 days):
• Tabarrakat (religious gifts) up to US$100.
• Professional tools up to US$500.
• Personal jewellery in reasonable quantity.
• One radio or standard tape recorder.
• One VCP, VCR, VCD, or DVD player.
• Items not exceeding US$500, excluding televisions, deep freezers, refrigerators, microwave ovens, cooking ranges, washing machines, and air conditioners.

Travellers can also purchase items worth up to US$500 from duty-free shops within 60 days of arrival.

Please note that customs regulations can change, so visitors should consult the latest guidelines from the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) or contact Pakistani customs authorities before travelling.

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Banned Imports:

Banned imports include alcoholic beverages, counterfeit goods, obscene materials, goods infringing on intellectual property rights, hazardous materials, and fireworks.

Mobile Telephone:

Pakistan has a well-established mobile network, with major providers including Jazz, Telenor, Zong, and Ufone, offering extensive coverage across the country.

Mobile signal is generally reliable in urban and semi-urban areas but can be patchy or unavailable in remote regions and high-altitude locations like the Karakoram Range.

Most international roaming services work in Pakistan, but costs can be high. Tourists often find it more economical to buy a local SIM card, which is easily available at airports, authorised outlets, and shops. You'll need your passport and a visa copy to register a SIM card, as per local regulations.

Internet:

Wi-Fi is widely available in major cities, especially in hotels, cafes, and restaurants. Many higher-end establishments offer free Wi-Fi, though it may be slower than in some other countries. Rural areas and smaller towns may have limited or no Wi-Fi access.

Media:

Pakistan has a diverse media landscape, encompassing print, broadcast, and digital platforms. The media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion, providing entertainment, and raising awareness of social and political issues. However, media freedom is often curtailed in Pakistan. Sensitive topics such as military affairs, national security, and criticism of government policies may lead to censorship or self-censorship.

Newspapers and magazines remain popular, particularly in urban areas. They are published in multiple languages, including Urdu, English, and regional languages like Sindhi and Pashto.

Online platforms have grown significantly, with websites, blogs, and social media playing an important role in disseminating information. Platforms like YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are widely used.

The Karakoram Highway

The Karakoram Highway, often called the "Eighth Wonder of the World," is a breathtaking journey through the heart of the Karakoram Range, connecting Pakistan with China. This legendary route offers stunning views of towering peaks, turquoise rivers, and iconic landmarks like Attabad Lake and the Passu Cones. Along the way, charming villages such as Hunza and Gilgit provide a glimpse into local traditions and warm hospitality. Tracing the path of the ancient Silk Road, the highway is an unforgettable adventure for anyone seeking dramatic landscapes and a sense of history.

Malam Jabba

Malam Jabba is Pakistan's premier ski resort and a year-round destination for adventure and nature lovers. Surrounded by snow-capped peaks and lush forests, it offers excellent skiing and snowboarding in winter, while summer brings opportunities for hiking, zip-lining, and chairlift rides with breathtaking views of the Swat Valley.

Lahore

Lahore, the vibrant cultural capital of Pakistan, is a living museum of Mughal splendour and lively traditions. The UNESCO-listed Lahore Fort and Badshahi Mosque transport you to the grandeur of a bygone era, while the lush Shalimar Gardens showcase the artistry of Mughal landscaping. Lose yourself in the bustling bazaars of the Walled City, where historic gates and havelis whisper tales of centuries past. The towering Minar-e-Pakistan stands as a proud symbol of independence, while the Lahore Museum offers a journey through Pakistan's rich history. Don't miss Food Street, where every bite is a celebration of Lahore's legendary cuisine and hospitality.

Islamabad

Islamabad is Pakistan's modern and green capital. The Faisal Mosque, one of the largest mosques in the world, is an architectural marvel set against the backdrop of the Margalla Hills. Nature lovers can explore the serene Daman-e-Koh viewpoint or hike the Margalla Hills National Park trails. The Pakistan Monument and its adjoining museum provide an insightful glimpse into the nation's history and culture. For a relaxing day, visit the lush Rawal Lake, perfect for picnics or boating, or stroll through the picturesque Saidpur Village, a charming heritage spot.

Karachi

Karachi is Pakistan's bustling economic hub, blending history, culture, and modernity. The Quaid-e-Azam's Mausoleum, a striking white marble monument, pays tribute to the founder of Pakistan. For history enthusiasts, the National Museum of Pakistan and Mohatta Palace Museum offer a glimpse into the region's rich past. For coastal charm, head to Clifton Beach or the more secluded Hawke's Bay, popular for its turtle nesting sites. Empress Market captures the vibrant local culture, while the upscale Dolmen Mall showcases Karachi's modern retail scene.

Mohenjo-Daro

A journey to Mohenjo-Daro, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a step back into one of the world's oldest civilisations in the Indus Valley. This ancient city, dating back over 4,500 years, offers an incredible glimpse into advanced urban planning, complete with streets, drainage systems, and public baths. The mysterious ruins stand as a testament to a sophisticated society.

Takht-i-Bahi

The Takht-i-Bahi Buddhist monastery, perched on a hilltop near Mardan, is an awe-inspiring archaeological site that dates back to the 1st century. Its remarkably well-preserved ruins include stupas, meditation cells, and assembly halls, offering a glimpse into ancient Gandhara's spiritual and monastic life. Takht-i-Bahi was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.

Peshawar

Peshawar is steeped in history and frontier charm. The Bala Hissar Fort, once a stronghold of Afghan rulers, offers panoramic views of the city. The bustling Qissa Khwani Bazaar (Storytellers' Bazaar) is a historic market filled with colourful goods and a rich cultural atmosphere. The Mahabat Khan Mosque, with its intricate Mughal-era design, is a serene place of worship. History lovers should visit the Peshawar Museum, which houses an extensive collection of Gandhara art and Buddhist relics. The city's proximity to the Khyber Pass makes it a gateway to one of the most legendary trade routes in the world.

Pakistan's peaks

Pakistan is home to some of the world's most iconic peaks, including K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth, and Nanga Parbat, famously known as the "Killer Mountain" for its treacherous terrain and high fatality rate among climbers attempting its towering 8,126-metre summit. For novice climbers, peaks like Minglik Sar and Rush Peak in Hunza offer more accessible yet highly rewarding challenges, providing stunning views and a taste of high-altitude adventure.

Ziarat

Ziarat is a serene hill station in the province of Balochistan. The Juniper Forest, one of the oldest in the world, offers a refreshing escape from the bustle of city life, while the iconic Quaid-e-Azam Residency is where Pakistan's founder spent his last days.

Chitral Valley

Surrounded by the towering peaks of the Hindu Kush, Chitral Valley is a remote paradise famed for its pristine landscapes, traditional wooden architecture, and the unique Kalash tribes, whose colourful festivals and ancient customs offer a glimpse into a fascinating way of life. The valley is also noted for its hot springs and trout-filled rivers.

Overview

Pakistan offers a treasure trove of handicrafts and traditional items that reflect its rich cultural heritage. Popular purchases include carved wooden furniture like tables and trays, exquisite onyx ware, and intricate silver jewellery. For fashion and textiles, hand-embroidered shawls, cashmere wraps, and silk scarves are must-haves, alongside colourful glass bangles and traditional Saleem Shahi slippers with their distinctive upturned toes. Camel-skin lamps, brassware, and pottery make for unique souvenirs, while rugs and carpets, often handwoven, showcase Pakistan's exceptional craftsmanship.

Pakistan's bustling bazaars provide an unforgettable shopping experience, combining vibrant sights, sounds, and opportunities for haggling. In Peshawar, the Old City's bazaars are famed for rugs, topis (woollen hats), leather chappals (sandals), and chadors (light woollen blankets). The Meena Bazaar, exclusively for women, is a maze of shops selling traditional clothing and accessories. Karachi's Saddar district is a hotspot for souvenirs, especially at the renowned Zainab Market, while Lahore's Anarkali Bazaar, believed to be South Asia's oldest, is a treasure trove of history and goods.

Opening Hours

Bazaars: Sat-Thu 09:30 to 13:00, 15:00 to 18:30.

Malls: Mon-Sun 11:00 to 21:00.

Hours may change during Ramadan.

Overview

Pakistani cuisine is a vibrant blend of bold flavours, aromatic spices, and hearty dishes that reflect the country's diverse cultural and regional influences. Rooted in South Asian, Middle Eastern, and Central Asian traditions, its food is characterised by rich, masala-infused curries, succulent grilled meats, and an abundance of bread and rice. From the smoky, tandoor-cooked kebabs and spicy biryani to the comforting lentil-based dal and freshly baked naan, Pakistani cuisine offers something for every palate.

Vegetarian options, though less dominant, showcase the country's love for seasonal vegetables, often cooked in fragrant spices. Sweet treats like jalebi and gulab jamun satisfy a widespread sweet tooth, while the refreshing lassi (yoghurt drink) cools you down on a hot day. Whether you're enjoying a roadside snack like samosas or a family feast filled with aromatic curries and kebabs, Pakistani food is a celebration of flavour, hospitality, and culinary tradition.

Regional Specialities

Tipping

Most mid-range and upscale hotels and restaurants add a service charge. If it isn't included in the bill, a tip of 5 to 10% of the total bill is customary.

In casual eateries, rounding up the bill is sufficient.

Drinking Age

21 (non-Muslims).

Hotels

Pakistan offers a wide range of accommodation options to suit different budgets and travel styles, from luxury hotels to budget-friendly guesthouses.

International hotel chains are available in major cities. They provide high-end amenities, including fine dining, swimming pools, spas, and business facilities. These hotels cater to business travellers and international tourists seeking comfort and convenience.

Restored havelis and historic buildings, such as the Shigar Fort Residence in Skardu, offer a unique blend of history and modern comfort.

Eco-friendly lodges are in regions like Swat and the Hunza Valley.

In remote regions like Gilgit-Baltistan or Chitral, accommodation options may be limited to small guesthouses, family-run lodges, or government rest houses with basic amenities.

Camping Caravaning

Camping is possible, mainly in the mountainous areas where hotels are not available. Popular camping destinations include Fairy Meadows (Gilgit-Baltistan), Deosai National Park (permit required), Ratti Gali Lake (Azad Kashmir), and the Hunza Valley. Campers should bring all essential gear and sufficient food and water supplies. Preparing for extreme weather conditions is also necessary.

History

The region that is now Pakistan has been a crossroads of civilisations for millennia. It was once part of the Achaemenid Empire (6th–4th century BCE), serving as a vital link in the Persian Empire's trade and governance. In the centuries that followed, it witnessed the conquests of Alexander the Great (4th century BCE), the rise of the Mauryan Empire, and the flourishing of the Indo-Greek, Kushan, and Gupta empires. These periods brought influences of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Hellenistic culture, leaving enduring legacies in art and architecture.

The Mughal Empire (16th–18th century) ushered in a golden era marked by grand architecture, cultural innovation, and thriving trade. Monuments like the Lahore Fort and Badshahi Mosque stand as testaments to this legacy. In the mid-19th century, the British East India Company annexed the region, and it became part of British India, introducing modern infrastructure, education, and legal systems.

In 1947, Pakistan gained independence on 14 August following the Partition of British India, becoming a separate state for Muslims under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Initially comprising West Pakistan (modern-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (modern-day Bangladesh), the country faced significant challenges in uniting its geographically and culturally distinct regions. In 1971, after a civil war and intervention by India, East Pakistan seceded to become Bangladesh.

Since then, Pakistan has navigated periods of political instability, military rule, and economic challenges while asserting itself as a resilient nation with a rich cultural heritage and a strategic role on the global stage.

Did you know?
• The name Pakistan translates to 'land of the pure' in Persian and Urdu.
• Pakistan is home to the highest paved road in the world. At an elevation of 4,693m (15,397ft) above sea level, the Karakoram Highway connects Pakistan with China.
• Pakistan hosts the world's largest volunteer ambulance service, founded by Abdul Sattar Edhi, a humanitarian who established the Edhi Foundation to provide emergency medical care and social services.

Religion

Muslims (96.35%), Hindus (2.17%), Christians (1.37%), Ahmadis (0.07%), Others (0.04%).

Social Conventions

Pakistan's social conventions are shaped by its cultural and religious traditions, with Islam playing a central role in daily life. Visitors are expected to show respect for religious practices and symbols. Modesty is highly valued, particularly in rural areas and religious settings. Men should wear long trousers and shirts, while women should cover their shoulders, arms, and legs. A headscarf is not mandatory for women in most public spaces but may be required when visiting mosques or other religious sites, so carrying one is advisable.

Hospitality is a defining feature of Pakistani culture, and guests are treated with great respect. It is customary to be offered tea or snacks when visiting someone's home, and accepting such gestures is considered polite. Public behaviour is expected to be composed; displays of affection are discouraged, but same-gender friends holding hands is a common and culturally acceptable expression of camaraderie.

When dining, eating with the right hand is customary, and it is polite to wash your hands before and after meals. Photography should always be approached respectfully; ask for permission before photographing people, particularly women, and avoid taking pictures of military or sensitive locations.

Respect for elders and authority figures is deeply ingrained in Pakistani society. Elders are addressed with formal titles such as "Sahib" (for men) or "Begum" (for women).

Best Time To Visit:

The northern regions, including Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, experience long and harsh winters with heavy snowfall and freezing temperatures, particularly in the mountainous areas. Summers (June to August), however, are mild and pleasant, with temperatures typically ranging between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), making it an ideal time for trekking, exploring valleys like Hunza and Swat, and enjoying the serene beauty of the Karakoram Range. Winter is perfect for skiing enthusiasts heading to Malam Jabba or other snow-laden destinations.

In the central plains of Punjab and Islamabad, summers (April to June) can be extremely hot, with temperatures frequently exceeding 40°C (104°F). July and August are technically part of the monsoon season – temperatures decrease slightly, but the added humidity can be uncomfortable. Spring (March to April) and autumn (October to November) offer the most pleasant weather. Cities like Lahore and Islamabad are best visited during these transitional seasons when the heat has subsided and the surroundings are lush and vibrant.

The southern region of Sindh, including Karachi, has a hot desert climate, where summers can be scorching, with inland temperatures soaring above 45°C (113°F). Coastal areas, while cooler, are humid. Winters (November to February) in this region are mild, ranging from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), making it the best time to explore Karachi's vibrant cityscape, the historic sites of Thatta, and the vast stretches of the Thar Desert.

The western province of Balochistan is characterised by its arid desert climate and stark temperature variations. Summers (May to September) are hot, with peak heat occurring in June and July. Temperatures in places like Sibi can soar above 45°C (113°F). In contrast, winters (December and February) are cold, but the snow-covered landscapes in Ziarat make it a worthwhile destination.

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Required Clothing

Wear lightweight clothing suitable for warm weather, but pack warmer items like base layers and woollens if you plan to visit upland areas during winter. Good trekking boots, walking poles, and thermal wear are essential for mountain explorers. While woollen socks and sweaters can be purchased at reasonable prices in Pakistani bazaars, they may be heavier and not up to Western quality standards.

During the monsoon season (July to August), rainwear is essential as torrential downpours can lead to significant flooding in cities. For these conditions, wellington boots might also be practical. It's recommended to purchase a shalwar kameez (the traditional tunic and baggy trousers) after arriving in Pakistan. This outfit is essential for women to respect local customs and is optional but highly practical for men, especially in the heat. In intense summer temperatures, covering up with cool, loose-fitting cotton, such as those worn by locals, is far more comfortable and culturally appropriate than wearing revealing clothing. This helps protect against the sun while avoiding unnecessary attention.

Dialing Code:

+92

Area(sq km):

881,913

Population:

240.5 million

Population Density(per sq km):

302

Population Year:

2023

EU Member:

No

Main emergency number

115